合成生物学的伦理争论:根源、维度与走向

Ethical debates on Synthetic Biology:Roots,dimensions,and its trends

合成生物学对生命现象的探讨从认知转向合成,研究对象从自然生命转向合成生命,由此引发大量伦理问题与争论。目前学术界对此的探讨涉及多个维度,但对不同维度特点与关系,以及各维度争论与合成生物学发展阶段内在关联的讨论相对薄弱。本文梳理合成生物学的伦理争论,归纳得出伦理争议发生的五个主要维度及其特点,具体包括:制造生命有机体的正当性问题,技术发展对宗教文化的挑战,生物安全性的伦理问题,利益风险分配的公平问题,行动自由与伦理监管的冲突。同时本文从合成生物学发展阶段出发,分析不同维度的伦理争论渐次展开并相互影响的内在逻辑。本文的探讨有助于厘清合成生物学伦理研究的混乱状态,深化理解合成生物学伦理争论中不同伦理立场的核心主张及其根据,进而明晰合成生物学伦理治理要解决的关键问题。

The discussion on biological phenomena of synthetic biology has changed from cognition to synthesis,and the research object has shifted from natural life to synthetic life,which has caused a lot of ethical issues and debates.At present,the academic circles discuss this issue in multiple dimensions,but the characteristics and relations of different dimensions,as well as the internal correlation between the debates of various dimensions and the development stage of synthetic biology are relatively weak.This paper reviews the ethical controversies in synthetic biology and summarizes the five main dimensions and characteristics of the ethical debates,specific include:the legitimacy of making living organisms,the challenge of technological development to religious culture,the ethical issues of biological safety,the fairness of profit and risk distribution,the conflict between freedom of action and ethical supervision.At the same time,this paper starting from the development stage of synthetic biology,analyzes the internal logic of the gradual development and mutual influence of different dimensions of ethical debates.The discussion in this paper is helpful to clarify the chaotic state of the ethical research of synthetic biology,deepen the understanding of the core proposition and its basis of different ethical standpoint in the ethical debate of synthetic biology,and then clarify the key issues to be solved in the ethical governance of synthetic biology.