日本“技术立国”战略下自主技术创新的经验与启示——基于国家创新系统研究视角

Considering"Nation Based on Technology"under the Perspective of National Innovation System:Japan’s Experience and Enlightenment in Tackling Key and Core Technologies

进入20世纪70年代,伴随日本综合国力的提升,其在金融、贸易、科技等领域遭到美国施压。为应对国内外危机,20世纪80年代伊始日本提出“技术立国”战略。该战略以实现“技术引进”向“自主技术创新”转变为核心理念,聚焦关键核心技术攻关,充分发挥“官产学”不同主体优势,实质内涵是重塑日本国家创新系统,为日本未来的科技竞争优势打下了坚实的基础。从国家创新系统理论出发,系统分析日本“技术立国”战略及其关键核心技术攻关的相关配套措施,讨论该战略下国家创新系统各主体的角色定位及职能,总结日本实现自主技术创新的相关经验以及对我国科技自立自强的启示。

Science and technology competition plays a pivotal role in competitions between countries.Historically,countries with first-mover advantages would impose competitive exclusion and technological blockades against latecomers to export their commodities and low-and mid-end technologies to latecomers and maintain their hegemony in high and sophisticated technologies.In the 1970s,Japan,with the rise of its national strength,was suppressed by the United States in finance,trade,and science and technology.In response to the domestic and international crises,Japan proposed the"Nation Based on Technology"strategy in the early 1980s.The strategy features a transition from the introduction of technology to independent technological innovation and focuses on breakthroughs in core and key technologies by leveraging the advantages of different parties in government-industry-academic collaboration to reshape Japan’s national innovation system and lay solid groundwork for Japan’s future competitive advantages in science and technology.The strategy encompasses five strands:(1)selecting core and key technological fields based on the bottlenecks in national development;(2)pursuing a state-led and focused R&D system surrounding the needs of industrial development;(3)building a government-industry-academic collaboration mechanism by defining responsibilities of the government,state-owned research institutions and enterprises;(4)increasing R&D support for enterprises by implementing a range of national R&D programs;(5)improving the R&D institutional environment for enterprises by providing financial,equipment and talent support.In recent years,the United States has imposed technological blockades against China and provoked technology and trade wars,and the two countries have seen ever-escalating bilateral disputes.The current economic scale,technology level,and development environment of China resemble those of Japan of the 1970s and 80s.Guided by the theory of national innovation system,this article systematically analyzes Japan’s“Nation Based on Technology”strategy and its supporting measures for grasping core and key technologies,discusses the roles and functions of various parties in the national innovation system under this strategy,and summarizes the experience of and insights into how to select and grasp core and key technologies,so as to provide a point of reference for China’s policymakers.The conclusions are as follows:(1)the government should coordinate and organize the process of selecting core and key technologies in a present-based and future-oriented fashion,making full use of the bottom-up forces,centering on the actual needs of economic and social development and the future of industrial development;(2)the government should help enterprises enhance R&D capabilities,incorporating the actual needs of industrial development into national strategy,providing theoretical support and technical guidance for enterprises,creating an institutional environment favorable to R&D;(3)the strengths of state-owned research institutions as national strategic science and technology forces should be exerted to offset the R&D expertise gap of enterprises and to assist the government in performing organization,coordination and management functions;(4)the government should continue to optimize program organization and management capabilities and seek to establish professional science and technology management systems and methods.