论儒家“功夫哲学”与西方“实践哲学”

On Confucian Gongfu Philosophy and Western Practical Philosophy

“功夫哲学”涉及三个方面的重要问题:第一,“功夫”概念的共时性内涵与中西哲学的关系问题。《大学》的“八目”——“格致诚正修齐治平”,其实都是功夫问题。儒家的功夫论,大致可以对应于西方的实践哲学。第二,“功夫”概念的历时性转换与儒家哲学的古今之变问题。要使“修齐治平”的逻辑能够在现代社会中得以成立,必须进行主体的现代转换,齐家就是公民做到现代核心家庭的和睦,治国就是公民以某种方式行使国家治理的政治主权,平天下就是公民以某种方式参与到世界事务之中去。因此,“格致诚正”修身功夫的标准,就不能是精英的诉求,而只能是合格的公民人格的养成。第三,功夫哲学及实践哲学与形而上学的关系问题。在宋明理学中,形上本体论与功夫论之间是奠基关系。同理,西方传统的实践哲学也有其形而上学的基础。至于要使实践哲学或功夫哲学成为真正的“第一哲学”,唯有使“实践”和“功夫”观念成为一个“前存在者”及“前主体性”的观念。

Gongfu philosophy involves three important issues.First is the synchronic connotations of the concept of gongfu and the relationship between Chinese and Western philosophies.The"eight steps in moral cultivation"in the Great Learning—approaching things personally,deriving knowledge,having one's desire be sincere,having one's mind be right,cultivating one's character,managing one's household well,governing one's state well,and making all under heaven peaceful—in fact,are all issues of gongfu.In fact,Confucian gongfu theory roughly corresponds to Western practical philosophy.Second is the diachronic transformation of the concept of gongfu and the change in Confucian philosophy from ancient to modern.In order to validate the logic of"cultivating one's character,managing one's household well,governing one's state well,and making all under heaven peaceful"in modern society,it is necessary to carry on with the modern transformation of the subject:managing one's household well is citizens'achievement of harmony in the modern nuclear family;governing oneh's state well is the citizens'exercise of the political sovereignty of national governance in a certain way,and making all under heaven peaceful is their participation in world affairs in a certain way.Therefore,the standard of"approaching things personally,deriving knowledge,having oney's desire be sincere,and having one's mind be right"cannot be merely the pursuit of elites but the cultivation of the qualified citizen's personality.Third is the relationship between gongfu philosophy,practical philosophy,and metaphysics.In the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties,metaphysical ontology laid the foundation for gongfu theory.Similarly,traditional Western practical philosophy also has its metaphysical foundation.In order to make practical philosophy and gongfu philosophy the real"first philosophy,"the concepts of practice and gongfu should be"pre-existence"and"pre-subjectivity."