良知与良觉,性觉与心觉——兼论王阳明思想的儒佛之辨

Intuitive Knowing and Intuitive Awareness, Awareness of Inherent Nature and Awareness of the Mind: On the Distinction between Confucianism and Buddhism in Wang Yangming’s Thought

王阳明的良知论乃是作为一种“觉学”而存在的,并不是知即为觉,而是良知实乃一种良觉,但不是一般意义上的觉,因为只有道德理性潜藏其中的良觉,才是良知。本文认定佛教本土化之“佛性本觉”就潜在地浸渍到阳明的思想深层,从而终成“理—知—心—觉—性”的基本思想架构。从佛教的影响来看,这种良觉就是由“性觉”而来;从儒家的传承观之,这种良觉本自“心觉”而发。实际上,作为人类“情理结构”的良知,本然具有“知—情—意”全整结构,也就是既包含理性化的观念和意志,也包孕感性化的情感。良知乃是理性内在积淀的结果,但却呈现为道德直觉的外化形式。王阳明意义上的“结圣胎”,就是这种理性凝聚的规程及其结果。

Wang Yangming’s doctrine of intuitive knowing is essentially a"learning of awareness."Intuitive knowing is in fact a kind of intuitive awareness,but not in the ordinary sense,for only the intuitive awareness in which moral reasoning is potentially contained counts as intuitive knowing.The present paper holds that Wang Yangming’s thought is deeply immersed in the Chinese-style"original awareness of Buddha-nature,"and thus ultimately forms an intellectual structure of"principle±knowledge±mind±awareness±inherent nature."Under the influence of Buddhism,such intuitive awareness is derived from the awareness of inherent nature;as an inheritance of Confucianism,such intuitive knowing is developed from the awareness of the mind.Intuitive knowing,as the human"emotional±rational structure,"naturally embodies the whole structure of"knowledge±emotion±intention,"that is,it includes rational ideas and the will as well as perceptual emotion.Intuitive knowing is a result of an inner accumulation of rationality,but it manifests itself in the external form of moral intuition.The"conception of the fetal sage"in Wang Yangming’s sense is nothing but the procedure and result of such rational condensation.