过化与施教——王阳明的讲学活动与黔中王门的崛起

Transformation and Education: Wang Yangming’s Teaching in Guizhou and the Rise of the Qian School

王阳明“龙场悟道”之后,针对大、小两种传统受众的不同,开展了一系列的讲学活动,既吸引了大量地方普通民众,化导移易了民间社会风俗,也培养了不少科考读书士子,构成了王学地域学派的中坚。贵州既是阳明的“过化”之地,也是他的“施教”之区。而黔中王门学者受阳明心学思想的沾溉,主动践行“知行合一”实践哲学精义,不仅人才群体济济兴盛,即代表人物亦卓荦特出。他们或“得阳明之和”,或“得阳明之正”,遂“承良知之派以开黔学”,形成了全国最早的阳明学地域学派。无论分析或讨论阳明心学的地域分布状况及思想生态结构格局,还是研究或书写有明一代思想学术发展变迁历史进程,黔中王门作为崛起于边地的一大心学学派,都是必须客观正视不能绕过的重要文化现象。

After his sudden enlightenment at Longchang in Guizhou,Wang Yangming delivered a series of lectures to two different targeted audiences,not only attracting a considerable number of local residents and thus transforming local habits and customs,but also cultivating a number of qualified candidates for the imperial civil service examination,who in turn constituted the local backbone of Yangming Studies.Because of Wang Yangming’s efforts at transformation and education in Guizhou(Qian),his philosophy of the mind had a more direct influence on Guizhou scholars,who took the initiative in practicing the"unity of knowledge and action"and formed the Qian School with a galaxy of talents and outstanding representatives.They inherited the qualities of modesty and righteousness from Wang Yangming,successfully carried forward Wang’s teaching of intuitive knowledge,and pioneered the establishment of a regional branch of Yangming Studies.It is indispensable to include an objective analysis of the Qian School as an influential sub-school of mind,rooted in the border areas,when we research the regional distribution and intellectual-ecological structure of Yangming Studies,as well as the evolution of thought and scholarship in the Ming dynasty.