青藏高原高寒草地适应性管理释义:概念及实现途径

The perception of the alpine grassland adaptive management on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:The concept and its implementation

适应性管理(adaptive management),这一概念最初由加拿大生态学家Holling^([1])在20世纪70年代提出,最初应用于渔业管理,后逐渐被其他学科采纳,如“城市绿色基础设施适应性管理”“人居型世界遗产的适应性管理”和“生态系统适应性管理”等^([2]).进入21世纪,草地管理开始引入适应性管理的理念,如美国南加州草地和澳大利亚东南部袋鼠草原的管理方式正是适应性管理的例子^([3,4]).在国内,适应性管理主要集中在理论探讨层面,在实践中的应用尚属鲜见^([5]).草地适应性管理的提法最早可以追溯到2004年^([6]),随后,国内发表的研究中,使用草地适应性管理或者相近的提法逐渐增加^([7]),这些研究都提到了草地适应性管理这个术语,但并未对其给出一个清晰而明确的定义,这造成了学者在使用这个术语时概念模糊、内涵不清晰.

The alpine grassland is a unique and ecologically important habitat found in mountainous regions across the world,typically at elevations above the tree line.As the largest ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,the alpine grassland plays the principal roles as the key component of strategies aimed at protecting the ecological environment,enhancing ecological livestock husbandry activities,and promoting the preservation of pastoral nationality and their nomadic culture.Accordingly,the alpine grassland has been considered to be an important region for ecological civilization highland construction on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.However,the alpine grassland has witnessed a significant level of serious degradation since the 1990s,due to its inherent vulnerability and sensitivity to global changes and human activities.Studies have provided evidence that there are numerous environmental and development issues,such as deterioration of soil physicochemical properties,reduction in high quality forage,disrupted ecosystem structure,decrease in ecological and productive functions.Traditional grassland management systems that focused on production of livestock faced great challenges with regard to their capacity to effectively maintain the balance between ecological protection and livestock husbandry development.Therefore,it is urgent to establish and implement new management concepts and more robust,sustainable and environmentally friendly management measures which can ensure a sustainable stability of alpine grassland structure and function,while promoting the development of animal husbandry.At the very beginning of the 21st century,the thought of adaptive management was introduced into grassland management,however,it has not formed a clear and definite concept of grassland adaptive management,and this has hindered the development of grassland management theory and technology.Based on the thought of adaptive management,this paper defines the concept of the alpine grassland adaptive management by integrating the results and findings from previous fundamental studies and applied technology investigations on alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the 1980s.The alpine grassland management concept as discussed by scientists in the past decade is also described.The alpine grassland adaptive management is defined as a dynamic management process which is based on the type and current status of alpine grassland,and follows the structure of each interface in the“soil-plant-biology”system processes and laws,fully considering the complexity and variability of environmental factors(climate change and human activities),and aiming at structural stability,continuous output of ecosystem services and functions,that is,the sustainable development of alpine grassland as the goal.Thus,this paper,which expounds on the concept and implementation of the adaptive management of the alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from three aspects:Actual demands,theoretical basis and implementing approaches,provides adaptive and effective solutions to the urgent demands in the management of the alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.