词汇系统、可变范畴与世界——论库恩的康德主义

Lexicon,Moveable Categories and World

库恩晚年自称“后达尔文式康德主义”者。库恩早年名著《科学革命的结构》中虽未涉及康德思想,其康德主义在早期学术思想中有迹可循,以现象界与自在之物的区分来解释其范式转换与世界变化的关系也有其理数。库恩晚年以词汇系统(lexicon)概念与康德的先天知性范畴相类比,论述词汇系统概念及其与语言共同体的关系,以生物学中的生境概念说明世界的复杂意蕴,都表明深刻的康德主义印记。库恩在世界的主-客观性方面观点左右摇摆。库恩认同范畴的先天性而主张范畴可变,是对康德思想的某种发展。库恩的康德主义转向可以被认为是当今科学哲学研究“回到康德去”的先声。

In his later years,T.S.Kuhn used the concept of“lexicon”to compare with Kant’s category a priori,and called his views“post-Darwinian Kantianism”and himself“a Kantian with moveable categories”.Although in Structure of the Scientific Revolution,Kuhn did not involve Kant,and he seldom discussed Kantian thought be⁃fore 1990s,his Kantianism could be traced in early academic thought,especially demarcation between phenomena and things in themselves.Kuhn discussed the concept of“lexicon”and its relationship with the language communi⁃ty,and opposed the truth correspondence theory.Kuhn used the concept of niche in biology to illustrate the com⁃plex meaning of the world,and his views on the objectivity of the world swung around.Kuhn agreed with the a pri⁃ori nature of categories and advocated variable categories,which is essentially a misunderstanding of Kant’s thought.Kuhn’s Kantianism echoes with the trend of“back to Kant”in contemporary research in philosophy of science.