竞争与“机器换人”:恩格斯人机关系思想的当代创新应用

Competition and“Machine Substitution”:A Contemporary Innovative Application of Engels’s Idea of Human-Machine Relations

恩格斯揭示出英国机械“机器换人”完成后的人机关系样态,认为无限的“人与人”竞争基础上的机器使用是人机关系陷于“机器为害于工人”困境的根本原因,在制度与文化双重进路中开展以暴力革命性“阶级斗争”为核心的共产主义运动,消灭无限的“人与人”竞争是人机关系复归“机器造福于工人”的突围路径。针对国内学界关于机械“机器换人”认知传统,基于技术史视域发现机械“机器换人”与智能“机器换人”存在双重共性:“机器替代工人体力与智力”是两种“机器换人”共同的技术后果,“机器类人功能的增强”是两种“机器换人”共同的技术前提。立足于“社会-技术”集成的视角,中国智能“机器换人”进程中人机关系风险的根本原因是不当的“人与人”竞争趋势下的智能机器使用,重要原因是机器智能增强背景下“人与机”竞争的不断凸显。一方面制定针对性的政策方案控制“人与人”竞争,另一方面构建“人机互补”的智能“机器换人”设计伦理与使用伦理化解“人与机”竞争,人机关系风险可以实现有效与及时治理。

Engels revealed the human-machine relationship after the completion of the British mechanical“machine substitution”,believing that the use of machines on the basis of unlimited“human-to-human”competition is the fundamental reason why human-machine relations fall into the dilemma of“machines harm workers”,and carrying out the communist movement with violent revolutionary“class struggle”as the core in the dual approach of system and culture and eliminating unlimited“human-to-human”competition is the breakthrough path for human-machine relations to return to“machines benefit workers”.In view of the cognitive tradition of mechanical“machine substitution”in domestic academic circles,based on the perspective of technology history,we found that there are double commonalities between mechanical“machine substitution”and intelligent“machine substitution”:“machine replacement of workers’physical strength and intelligence”is the common technical consequence of two“machine substitution”,and“enhancement of machine human-like functions”is the common technical premise of two“machine substitution”.Based on the perspective of“society-technology”integration,the fundamental reason for the risk of human-machine relationship in the process of China’s intelligent“machine substitution”is the improper use of intelligent machines under the trend of“human-to-human”competition,and the important reason is the continuous prominence of“human-machine”competition under the background of enhanced machine intelligence.On the one hand,targeted policies and programs are formulated to control“human-to-human”competition,and on the other hand,the design ethics and use ethics of“human-machine complementary”intelligent“machine substitution”are built to resolve“human-machine”competition,and human-machine relationship risks can be effectively and timely managed.