机制、层次与分类:判定多重可实现的三种标准及其思考

Mechanism,Hierarchy and Taxonomy:Three Criteria for Determining Multiple Realizability and Their Evaluations

多重可实现理论中的划界问题一直是科学家和哲学家们面临的重要理论难题。目前,国内外学界关于如何判定多重可实现的标准主要有三种:分别是机制标准、层次标准与分类标准。但是,这三种原则均面临着理论困难。机制标准面临着结构与功能之间存在的“逻辑鸿沟”,层次标准中对组织成分的诉诸使得多重实现存在过于宽泛的可能性,分类标准过分强调科学分类和种类拆分,致使多重实现丧失作为独立存在的属性或种类及其关系的自主性地位……层次机制的融合标准从一定程度上解决了以上难题。尽管仍存不足,但是其对标准问题的思考本身仍然是我们提供理解和判定多重实现路上不可或缺的重要单元,对于解答心身还原论问题和特殊科学自主性与否等问题上具有重要理论与现实意义。

The problem of demarcation in Multiple Realizability Theory has always been an important theoretical problem faced by scientists and philosophers.At present,domestic and foreign academic circles have three main criteria on how to determine Multiple Realizability:mechanism criteria,hierarchy criteria,and classification criteria.However,all three principles face theoretical difficulties.Mechanism standards face the“logical gap”between structure and function.The appeal to organizational components in hierarchical standards makes it possible for multiple realizations to be too broad.The taxonomy standards overemphasize scientific classification and category splitting,resulting in multiple realizations losing the autonomous status of independent attributes or types and their relationships...The fusion standard at the mechanism level solves the above problems to a certain extent.Although it still has its shortcomings,the theory itself is still an indispensable and important unit for us to understand and judge multiple realizations,and it has important theoretical and practical significance for answering the question of mind-body reductionism and the autonomy of special science.