“迷狂”考论——跨文化视域下文艺创作心理探析

A Study of“Madness”——An Analysis of the Psychology of Literary and Artistic Creation in a Cross-cultural Perspective

古今文艺家普遍承认文艺创作中存在迷狂心理现象。古希腊时代,迷狂即具有灵感的特质,但被柏拉图赋予了神秘的色彩。近代启蒙思想和德国古典哲学将迷狂的外在神灵的特征转化为天才的创造力,人的自觉、主体的高扬以及对于知识的重视和追求是迷狂的时代背景。二战后的现代社会,克罗齐、柏格森、弗洛伊德等人分别以直觉说和无意识理论来阐释文艺创作心理。从古希腊到现代社会,西方文化对迷狂心理的论说体现出“由非理性到无意识”的演进路径。另外,中国文艺传统中的虚静、天机、兴会、妙悟等概念皆与迷狂有共通之处,需要将之放在具体的文化语境中比较异同。除此之外,原始文化中的迷狂现象具有浓厚的萨满教巫术色彩,先民的“艺术创作”被认为与特定的巫术仪式密切相关。总而言之,从跨文化的角度考察文艺创作中的迷狂心理,可以看到不同社会和历史阶段对“迷狂”做出的多样性的解释和哲学思考。

Ancient and modern scholars of literature and art generally acknowledge the existence of the phenomenon of madness in literary and artistic creation.In ancient Greek times,madness had the quality of inspiration,but it was given a mysterious color by Plato.Modern Enlightenment thought and classical German philosophy transformed the external divine character of madness into the creative power of genius,and the self-consciousness of man,the exaltation of the subject,and the importance and pursuit of knowledge were the background of the times to explain madness.In the modern society after World War II,Croce,Bergson,Freud and others interpreted the psychology of literary creation with intuitive theory and unconscious theory respectively.From ancient Greece to modern society,Western culture's explanation of the psychology of ecstasy has shown the evolutionary path of“from irrationality to the unconscious”.On the other hand,Chinese literary and artistic traditions,such as the concepts of XuJing,TianQi,XingHui,and MiaoWu,all have something in common with madness,and it is necessary to compare their similarities and differences in specific cultural contexts.In addition,the phenomenon of madness in primitive cultures has strong shamanic overtones,and the“artistic creations”of the ancestors are thought to be closely related to specific witchcraft rituals.All in all,a cross-cultural examination of the psyche of ecstasy in literary creation reveals a diversity of interpretations and philosophical reflections on ecstasy in different societies and historical stages.