荷尔德林《莱茵河》中的卢梭之声与现世观

Voices of Rousseau and Temporality in Friedrich Hölderlin’s Der Rhein

本文讨论了让-雅克·卢梭的良心论对弗里德里希·荷尔德林产生的重要影响。在18世纪,灵魂被视为个人精神生活的源泉,引领智慧的教化。卢梭认为这些良心之声会产生崇高的道德。良心不仅是道德指南,更是自我意识的基础。死欲和爱欲会导致毁灭,但对于荷尔德林来说,将这二者建设性地合而为一,便可以形成良心,使人在历史发展中掌握主动权。在诗歌《莱茵河》中,荷尔德林受卢梭影响,找到了克服爱欲和死欲破坏性吸引力之道。此外,荷尔德林对卢梭良心论的肯定,为《莱茵河》中诗意的自我反思奠定了基础:这揭示了人类意识与现世神迹之间的世俗性和现象性关系。通过这种方式,荷尔德林将诗歌实践与历史能动性联系起来。

This article discusses the significance of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s notion of the conscience Friedrich Hölderlin.In the eighteenth century,the soul was seen as an important source of energy and guidance in the intellectual life of individuals;Rousseau sees these energies as expressions(the voice of conscience)that lead to our moral betterment.Conscience is not only an ethical guide,rather it is also the basis of(self-)consciousness.For Hölderlin,the constituent elements of conscience have two divergent sets of possibilities:in excess,thanatos and eros bring about our ruin but alternatively,they can converge constructively to form conscience that enables us to become autonomous historical agents.Rousseau is a crucial figure for Hölderlin,especially in the poem“Der Rhein,”because in his writings,he finds a way of overcoming the destructive pull of eros and thanatos.Additionally,the reference to Rousseau’s affirmation of conscience creates the basis of poetic selfreflexivity in“Der Rhein”:it is the moment that uncovers the temporal and phenomenological affinities between human consciousness and signs of the God in the mundane world.It is in this way that Hölderlin links poetic practice with historical agency.