重析马克思、恩格斯对乌托邦的批判——基于对乌托邦可能性的解读

Reanalysis of Marx and Engels’ Criticism of Utopia——Based on the Interpretation of the Possibility of Utopia

乌托邦自登上历史舞台以来,基于对其概念的不同理解产生了诠释乌托邦的不同方式。反乌托邦主义者将乌托邦理解为对未来社会的天真想象以及事无巨细的僵化规定加以批判,事实上,这只是碎片化与极端化了乌托邦的空想面向。乌托邦并非仅是空想,作为批判与超越现实的精神力量,它始终为人类社会提供一种不同于现实的可能性选择。通过分置乌托邦的概念,将乌托邦空想与理想的双重面向分置开来,有利于对乌托邦做出全面的理解。在传统历史唯物主义视域中,乌托邦与空想社会主义相连被简释为空想,仅作为批判的对象而存在。然而,马克思、恩格斯对空想社会主义的态度远非简单的批判,这种批判也并不等于对乌托邦整体的否决。在追求更好的人类生存状态的旨趣上,乌托邦与历史唯物主义具有一致的价值取向。

Since Utopia entered the historical arena,different ways of interpreting utopias have emerged based on different understandings of their concepts.Dystopian criticize utopia as a native imagination of the future society and rigid regulations in every detail,but in fact this is only a fragmented and extreme utopian aspect of utopia.Utopia is not just a utopia,as a spiritual force that criticizes and transcends reality,it always provides human society with a possibility alternative to reality.By separating the concept of utopia,separating the dual aspects of utopian utopianism and ideals is conducive to a comprehensive understanding of utopia.In the traditional historical materialist vision,the connection between utopia and utopian socialism is simply interpreted as a utopian,existing only as an object of criticism.However,Marx and Engels’s attitude toward utopian socialism is far from being a simple critique,and this criticism does not amount to rejection of the utopian whole.In the pursuit of a better human state of existence,utopia and historical materialism have the same value orientation.