从郭店楚简“义外”论到孟子“义内”论的系谱

Philosophical Genealogy from Theory of“Righteousness outside”in the Guodian Texts to that of“Righteousness inside”in the Mencius

20世纪末以来的新出土文献带来了新的知识与见解。笔者基于此新知见,对孟子性善论的形成过程有一系列论考,本文探讨了“义外”论的展开以及孟子“义内”论所具有的思想史意义。郭店楚简《六德》中论述了基于“门内·门外”的早期“仁内义外”论。《语丛一》则将“门内·门外”换成“人内·人外”,为告子“义外”论的提出做了准备。“仁内义外”论一方面认为“仁·义”皆由天赐予,另一方面又以是否具有“人内”的根据而将“仁·义”分为“内·外”,这与《性自命出》中由天赐予人内在之“性”的观点相矛盾。而孟子的“义内”论解决了这个矛盾,使天与人道的关系得以统一。

This article is the seventh in the series from my studies on the formation of Mencius’theory of“Human nature is good”,utilizing the Guodian Chu bamboo texts,which was excavated in the early1990s.In this article,I will elucidate the process how the theory that human sense of righteousness comes from outside from human nature and mind(hereafter“Righteousness outside”)has taken into form,as well as discussing the impact of the theory that human sense of righteous originated from inside human nature and mind(hereafter“Righteousness inside”)in the thought of Mencius,in particular with focus on how was the philosophical significance in the history of early Chinese thought.In Chapter“Six Virtues”in the Guodian texts,we can find an older form of the theory of“Benevolence inside,righteousness outside”theory which was explained by the contrast between the sphere of human relationship inside a blood community and that outside.The author of the text“Collection of Words,No.1”in the Guodian texts has transposed the relationship between inside/outside blood relationship by that between inside/outside human nature and mind.This transposition prepared the formation of the theory of“Righteousness Outside”by Gaozi and other thinkers.The theory of“Benevolence inside,righteousness outside”,on the one hand,maintained that both virtues of benevolence and righteousness have been bestowed by Heaven.Concerning the question that benevolence and/or righteousness come/comes inside or outside,on the other hand,it divided between inside and outside on the basis of the attitude on whether they have their(ethical)ground in one’s inner nature and mind.Such a way of conjecture was inconsistent with that in the text“Human nature comes from Heavenly Order”,which presumed that inner human nature be bestowed by Heaven.Consequently,Mencius’theory of“Righteous inside”resolved such a contradiction by means of harmonizing the ground of human way with that of Heaven.