量子计算机结构与发展路线分析

Analysis of Quantum Computer Architecture and Development Route

量子计算是先进计算的重要发展方向,也是当今全球科技攻关的热点,但其存在技术路线未收敛,技术能力成熟度低等问题。文中分析了量子计算机发展历程与现状,明确了量子计算机的物理基础、数学基础等工程原理;阐明了非冯·诺依曼体系结构的量子计算机的量子叠加性和存算一体机制,以及存算器、控制器、输入设备、输出设备等四个组成部分;梳理了量子计算机发展路线图的主线、里程碑节点、核心关键环节量子逻辑比特;展望了基于中等规模含噪量子计算机,采用变分量子算法,在量子化学、组合优化等方向可能率先实现商业化应用。

Quantum computing represents an important development direction of advanced computing and a hot spot in global scientific and technological R&D,but it has problems such as unconvergent technical routes and low technical capability maturity.We analyze the development history and current situation of quantum computers,and clarify the engineering principles such as the physical and mathematical foundations of quantum computers.The quantum superposition and storage-computing integration mechanism of nonvon Neumann architecture quantum computers were clarified,as well as four components:memory,controller,input device and output device.The main line,milestones,and especially logical qubits of quantum computer development roadmap are sorted out.It is envisaged that based on NISQ,variational quantum algorithms may be the first to realize commercial applications in quantum chemistry and combinatorial optimization.