云贵高原出土汉晋时期砖铭的考古学观察

Archaeological Investigation of Han and Jin Brick Inscriptions Unearthed from the Yungui Plateau

砖铭是一类具有典型汉文化特质的建筑因素。基于考古与文献材料,并结合学界已取得的研究成果,对云贵高原出土汉晋时期砖铭的分布、内容、种类、组合方式、书法特征、字体、表现方式的变化与发展、载体铭文砖的形制、用途及砖铭所涉相关历史信息进行了考察与解读。根据砖铭内涵意义的不同,可将云贵高原出土的汉晋时期砖铭分为纪年、吉语、悲语、姓氏、职官五种主题,同时根据五种主题组成砖铭内容的差异,又可将其分为三种不同的组合方式:第一种为单一主题;第二种为两种主题组合,第三种为三种主题组合。由五种主题与三种组合方式构成的云贵高原砖铭在东汉至两晋时期经历了较多的发展变化,这些发展变化一定程度上映射了云贵高原在汉晋时期文化格局的变迁,这些变迁实质上反映了汉文化势力在当地的兴衰消长过程。这也是中央王朝经略云贵地区的一个具象缩影。

Inscribed Bricks are architectural components with typical Han cultural characteristics.Based on archaeological materials,historical documents,and previous studies,the author analyzes and interprets the historical information loaded with the Han and Jin brick inscriptions unearthed from the Yungui Plateau from the perspectives of the distribution,textual contents,types,assemblages of inscribed bricks,the characteristics of calligraphy,styles of inscriptions,representations and their diachronic changes and developments,as well as the forms and functions of inscribed bricks.According to the meanings of brick inscriptions,fi ve themes can be distinguished ranging from reign marks,auspicious phrases,sad phrases,family names,to offi cial titles.These themes consist of fundamental elements for the brick inscriptions.However,the ways of combination of these elements are varying from case to case.Generally,there are three ways of organization for the inscriptions.The fi rst is the sole theme of reign marks theme of reign marks,auspicious phrases,sad phrases or family names.The second includes two themes,e.g.,the combination of reign marks and auspicious phrases,the combination of reign marks and family names,and the combination of reign marks and offi cial titles.The third includes three themes,e.g.,the combination of reign marks,family names and auspicious phrases,and the combination of reign marks,offi cial titles and family names.These three types of combination underwent enormous changes from the Eastern Han through Jin dynasties,which,to some degree,refl ect the changes of cultural patterns in the Yungui Plateau during the Han and Jin periods,and the dynamics of Han culture in local contexts as the representation of central dynastic power over the Yungui region.Through the interpretations of brick inscriptions,it would offer helpful information to clarify the historical contexts in the Yungui region during the Han and Jin periods.