汉代枝灯的考古学研究

Archaeological Research on Branch Lamps in Han Dynasty

枝灯是汉代墓葬中常见的随葬器物,有铜、陶、铁等不同质地。铜枝灯的结构统一,造型精巧;陶枝灯的器形有别,精粗不一;铁枝灯的数量极少,造型结构与铜枝灯近似。通过对枝灯形制、装饰、存续时间、墓中摆放方式及其流行地域、使用群体等方面的综合考察可知,铜枝灯源自战国,本为王侯所用之物,位于墓中的祭祀空间,与青铜礼乐同类,西汉武帝之后,逐渐变为奉养墓主的生活器具,并在两汉之际破除了随葬的身份限制,出现在边疆豪族墓葬之中。陶枝灯则是东汉时期流行于黄河中下游地区的随葬明器,A型陶枝灯为仿青铜枝灯而制,鲁西幽冀一带的官绅群体借此表达对身后富贵荣华的奢望。B型彩绘陶枝灯模拟神山仙界,是魂神升天观念影响下的产物,兴于两京,随后东传幽冀。

The multi-branched lamp is a funerary object in the tombs of the Han Dynasty.There are three materials of multi-branched lamps,bronze,pottery and iron.The Bronze branch lamps have a uniform structure and ingenious shape,but the structure of the pottery lamp is different,and some are made with exquisite or rough.The number of iron lamp is extremely small,and the modeling structure is similar to that of bronze lamp.Through the comprehensive analysis of the shape,decoration and duration of the lamps,and the way they are placed in the tombs,the popular areas and the use groups.This paper concludes that the bronze branch lamp originated from the Warring-States period.It was the exclusive thing of royal.It was the same funerary object as the bronze sacrifice vessels.During the period of Emperor Wu,it gradually became the living utensils of the tomb owner.During the Xin Dynasty,the magnates of bordering counties were also buried with bronze branches.The pottery branch lamps are special utensils for funeral,which were popular in the middle-class in middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the Eastern Han Dynasty.The shape of the A-type glazed pottery lamp is imitation of the bronze branch lamp,and the affluent class in the west of Shandong and middle of Hebei areas expressed its hope for wealth and prosperity after death.The B-shaped painted pottery lamp simulates the immortal mountain,which is the product of the influence of immortal idea.It is appeared in the middle-class of Luoyang and Chang’an areas,and then spreads to Hebei areas.