西周中央王朝的金属控制策略——以雒邑地区出土西周铜器金属资源研究为中心

The Metal-controlling Strategy of the Western Zhou Central Government——Focused on the Metal Resource of the Bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty Unearthed in the Luoyi Area

洛邑为西周时期成周的所在地,是研究西周时期铜器制作技术、合金技术、矿料来源等问题的重点地区。如洛阳唐城花园西周贵族墓葬群、洛阳北窑机瓦厂墓葬、洛阳林校车马坑及洛阳银河小区西周贵族墓葬等出土了大量铜器。从这批铜器中选取近60件典型器物,对其中45件代表性标本进行成分分析和金相分析,对59件标本进行铅同位素分析,结果显示,制作铜器的矿料可能来自三个不同地区。其中一处为殷墟第四期以来一直开采、利用的金属资源产地,另外两处为西周时期新开发的金属资源产地。洛阳地区制作铜器使用的铜料大多来自中条山铜矿区,部分铜矿料、铅矿料来自东秦岭和铜绿山金属矿。对洛邑出土铜器与周原及其他西周诸侯国的铜器进行比较研究可知,洛邑铜器与各诸侯国铜器在金属资源来源、制作技术、合金技术、器形、纹饰等方面都有一定的相似性,并与周原地区出土铜器十分接近,由此推测周初各诸侯国的典型铜礼器是在洛阳北窑铸造。从西周青铜产业格局来看,西周中央王朝在政治上采取了一系列策略,使姬周文化向周边地区强势扩张,并与地方诸侯国文化融合,其根本动因在于西周中央王朝对金属等重要资源及技术地控制与占有。

Luoyi(Luoyang) is the location of Chengzhou in the Western Zhou Dynasty,and the key area for the researches on the bronze-making and alloying techniques and ore resources of the Western Zhou Dynasty.From the burials of the Western Zhou aristocrats at Tang City Garden,burials of the Western Zhou Dynasty at Beiyao Tile Factory,chariot-and-horse pits at Luoyang Forestry School and burials of the Western Zhou aristocrats at Milky Way Community in Luoyang,large amounts of bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty unearthed.From these bronzes,60 samples were chosen,45 typical ones of which were subject to chemical composition and metallographic analyses and 59 to lead isotope analysis.The results showed that the materials for making these bronzes might be from three different sources,one of which was the metal resource having been mined and utilized since Phase IV of the Yinxu Period and the other two were new sources developed in the Western Zhou Dynasty.The materials for making bronzes in Luoyang area were mostly from the copper mine area in Zhongtiao Mountains,and some copper ores and lead ores were from eastern Qinling Mountains and Tonglüshan metal mines.Then,comparative studies were done to the bronzes unearthed in Luoyi area and that unearthed in the territories of feudal states,and revealed that the bronzes made in Luoyi area and the feudal states had some similarities in source origins,making and alloying techniques,forms and decors,and they again all resembled the bronzes unearthed in Zhouyuan area;by these phenomena,this paper suggests that the typical bronze ritual vessels of the feudal states in the early Western Zhou Dynasty were cast in Beiyao,Luoyang.Seen from the bronze industry pattern of the Western Zhou Dynasty,the central government of the Western Zhou Dynasty applied a series of strategies to powerfully expand the Zhou Culture of the Ji Family as the royal genealogy,and converge with the cultures of the local feudal states,and the fundamental causes of these strategies were the central government’s control and occupation of the important resources and technologies including metals.