北京葫芦沟墓地编年与社会演进

The Chronology and Social Evolution of the Hulugou Cemetery in Beijing

葫芦沟墓地位于北京市延庆区,共揭露玉皇庙文化墓葬153座,属于该文化重要遗存之一。对比玉皇庙墓地研究结果,葫芦沟墓地可分为春秋晚期中段、春秋晚期晚段、春秋战国之际至战国早期三个年代组。本墓地是一处独立且布局相对完整的玉皇庙文化墓地,发掘区域基本上反映了原墓地分布的范围,总体看,墓葬埋葬秩序与空间分布关联密切,所属社会集团整体由北渐南安排墓区。葫芦沟社会演进首先体现出葬俗和随葬品方面对玉皇庙文化早期传统的继承,本文化因素始终占主导,但早期传统呈逐渐弱化之势。与玉皇庙文化早期传统逐渐弱化形成鲜明对比的是,葫芦沟社会演进中有大量新文化因素的不断融入,并使得文化结构趋于复杂化。该墓地中同一性别或年龄的死者集中埋葬具有相当普遍性,这种埋葬现象可能意味着强调人群社会角色的社缘结构是一种稳定存在的社群组织形式。社会结构也在不断变化,这一点在晚期可能出现的重视个体家庭现象及社会集团的分化等方面体现较为明显。在某种程度上,葫芦沟社会演进情形是玉皇庙文化乃至东周时期北方文化社会发展的一个缩影。

In the Hulugou Cemetery located to the northeast of Yanqing District,Beijing,153 burials of the Yuhuangmiao Culture have been excavated,which made this cemetery one of the important remains of this culture.Compared with the research results of the Yuhuangmiao Cemetery,the burials of the Hulugou Cemetery could be divided into three chronological groups,which are the mid stage of the late Spring-and-Autumn Period,the late stage of the late Spring-and-Autumn Period,and the transitional period between the Spring-and-Autumn and Warring-States Periods to the early Warring-States Period.The Hulugou Cemetery is an independent and relatively complete cemetery of the Yuhuangmiao Culture,the excavated area of which roughly reflected its original range and arrangement;generally,the order of the interments of these burials was closely related to the spatial distribution,the social group was gradually arranged from north to south into the cemetery.The social evolution of the Hulugou Cemetery is shown first by the inheritance of the early traditions of the Yuhuangmiao Culture reflected from the funeral customs and grave goods;the elements of Yuhuangmiao Culture were the mainstream from beginning to end,but the early traditions were gradually weakened.On the contrary,during the social evolution of the Hulugou Cemetery,large amounts of new cultural elements were absorbed,and the cultural pattern was becoming complex.In this cemetery,the burial occupants of the same sex and age group were usually buried in concentrated zones,which might indicate that the social structure stressing social roles of the people was a stable social organization form.The social structure was also in continuous change,which was clearly shown in the aspects of the emergence of individual families and the division of social groups in the later period.In some sense,the situation of the social evolution of the Hulugou Cemetery was an epitome of the development of the societies of the cultures in northern China during the time of Yuhuangmiao Culture even the entire Eastern Zhou Period.