新中国高等工程教育体系的形成——工科院校的改造、创建和调整(下)

The Formation of Higher Engineering Education System in New China:Transformation,Establishment and Adjustment of Engineering Colleges(Part 2)

新中国成立伊始,党和政府高度重视建立自己的工业体系、实现工业化,以此来应对国内经济濒临崩溃、国外敌对势力对我国打压的极端困难局面。高等工程教育承担着直接培养工业建设人才的重要使命,被置于整个高等教育改造和发展之首。文章分上、下两篇,以新中国成立初期的经济状况、国际环境、高等教育基础,以及党中央作出优先发展重工业的战略决策为背景,从工科大学的改造、创建、调整和追踪工程科技发展前沿的视角,阐述我国高等工程教育体系初步形成的过程。上篇以清华大学和哈尔滨工业大学为例,介绍新生的人民政权接管和改造旧时期大学的情况;以大连工学院、中国人民解放军军事工程学院为例,展现新中国成立前后我们党创办工科大学的历程。下篇通过院系调整和交通大学西迁,论述建立一批具有鲜明行业特色的工科院校,优化工科院校区域布局的过程;通过中国科学技术大学的创建和计算机、半导体、无线电电子学、自动化等专业的设立,反映理工科大学为追踪工程科技发展前沿做出的努力。

At the beginning of New China,the CPC and the government attached great importance to the establishment of an independent industrial system of their own and industrialization,in order to cope with the extremely difficult situation that the domestic economy was on the verge of collapse and foreign hostile forces were suppressing our country.Higher engineering education faced the important mission of directly cultivating talents for industrial construction at the forefront of transformation and development of the whole higher education.This paper is divided into two parts.Based on the economic situation in the early days of the People's Republic of China,the international environment,the condition of higher education,and the strategic decision made by the Party Central Committee to give priority to the development of heavy industry,we elaborate the process of the initial formation of China's higher engineering education system from the perspective of the transformation,establishment,adjustment and tracking of the frontiers of engineering technology in engineering universities.The first part takes Tsinghua University and Harbin Institute of Technology as examples,to introduce the situation of the new people's regime in taking over and transforming the old universities.Taking Dalian Institute of Technology and Military Engineering College of the Chinese People's Liberation Army as examples,we show the course of our Party's founding of engineering universities before and after 1949.The next part discusses the process of establishing a group of engineering colleges with distinctive industry characteristics and optimizing the regional layout of engineering colleges through the adjustment of colleges and departments and the relocation of Jiaotong University to western China.Through the establishment of the University of Science and Technology of China and the establishment of computer,semiconductor,radio electronics,automation and other majors,we present the efforts made by the universities to track the frontiers of engineering science and technology.