北京梨园梨小食心虫综合防控技术探究

Effects of integrated management and pesticide-reduction technology on the prevention and control of major pests in a Beijing pear orchard

【目的】为减少梨果的农药残留,探索合理有效的绿色防控技术,有效提升我国梨果安全生产水平。【方法】综合利用梨园生草、悬挂迷向散发器和喷施化学农药等技术,分别于2018、2019和2021年在北京市大兴区梨园设置综合防治生草区、综合防治无草区和常规防治区。通过对园区内梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta发生数量、果实蛀果率等因素进行分析,衡量综合防控技术对害虫的防控效果。【结果】2018年综合防治生草区、无草区内梨小食心虫年诱集总量分别为38.8和63.2头/诱捕器,显著低于常规防治区(1416.7头/诱捕器)。2019年综合防治生草区、无草区内梨小食心虫年诱集总量分别为14.0和15.5头/诱捕器,显著低于常规防治区(498.3头/诱捕器)。2021年综合防治生草区、无草区内梨小食心虫年诱集总量分别为84.0和109.8头/诱捕器,显著低于常规防治区(802.6头/诱捕器)。2018年常规防治区新梨7号的蛀果率峰值为22.80%,显著高于同期综合防治生草区(8.33%)与综合防治无草区(10.33%)内该品种的蛀果率峰值,综合防治生草区与综合防治无草区内红香酥品种的蛀果率峰值为20.67%和23.33%,显著低于常规防治区(55.33%)。2019年综合防治生草区与综合防治无草区内雪青品种的蛀果率峰值分别为6.00%和5.83%,显著低于同时期常规防治区内蛀果率(21.33%)。2021年常规防治区新梨7号的蛀果率峰值为15.60%,显著高于综合防治生草区(6.00%)和综合防治无草区(6.80%)。通过不同园区用药量对比,发现3年内综合防治区内化学药剂使用量大幅减少,2018、2019和2021年综合防治区总用药量比常规防治区减少53.81%、54.50%和34.00%,其中化学杀虫剂的使用量减少69.51%、70.60%和31.90%,综合防治区内梨果农药残留量明显低于常规防治园。【结论】综合防治区梨小食心虫发生量、果实蛀果率、果园用药量均有效降低,本防控技术在降低化学农药施用的基础之上有效防控了梨小食心虫,该技术为日后梨园梨小食心虫的综合防控提供了数据支撑。

[Objectives]Reducing pesticide residues and developing effective,environmentally-friendly pest control and prevention methods are important for pear production in our country.[Methods]Different pest control techniques,including mulching,hanging diffusers and spraying chemical pesticides were tested and compared.Three different treatment areas were established;a comprehensive grass control area,a comprehensive grassless control area and a demonstration area.The effectiveness of different pest control methods was assessed by comparing the number of pests and fruit scabs in each area.[Results]In 2018,the total annual catch of Grapholita molesta in the comprehensive grass control area and comprehensive grassless control area was 38.8 and 63.2 per trap,respectively,significantly lower than in the conventional control area(1416.7 per trap).In 2019,the total annual catch of G.molesta in the comprehensive grass control area and comprehensive grassless control area was 14.0 and 15.5 per trap,respectively,significantly lower than in the conventional control area(498.3 per trap).In 2021,the total annual trap catch of G.molesta in the comprehensive grass control area and comprehensive grassless control area was 84.0 and 109.8 per trap,respectively,significantly lower than in the conventional control area(802.6 per trap).In 2018,the peak fruit decay rate of Xinli No.7 in the conventional control area was 22.80%;significantly higher than that in the comprehensive grass control area(8.33%)or comprehensive grassless control area(10.33%)over the same period.The peak fruit decay rate of Hong Hongxiangsu in the comprehensive grass control area and comprehensive grassless control area were 20.67%and 23.33%,respectively,significantly lower than that in the control area(55.33%).In 2019,the peak fruit decay rate of Xueqing in the comprehensive grass control area and comprehensive grassless control area were 6.00%and 5.83%,respectively,significantly lower than that in the control area during the same period(21.33%).In 2021,the peak fruit decay rate of Xinli No.7 in the control area was 15.60%;significantly higher than that in the comprehensive grass control area(6.00%)or the comprehensive grassless control area(6.80%).In 2018,2019 and 2021,the overall use of chemical pesticides in the comprehensive prevention and control areas decreased by 53.81%,54.50%and 34.00%,respectively,compared to the conventional prevention and control areas,and the use of chemical pesticides in each area decreased by 69.51%,70.60%and 31.90%,respectively.Therefore,pesticide residues in the comprehensive control area were significantly lower than in the conventional control area.[Conclusion]Compared to conventional control methods,comprehensive control not only effectively controlled G.molesta,but significantly reduced both the fruit decay rate and chemical pesticide use.These results indicate the advantages of comprehensive control for the prevention and control of G.molesta in pear orchards.