古建筑地炕的正负价值效应:中国古代取暖设备的历史、保护及再利用对策

THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VALUE EFFECT OF UNDERGROUND KANGS IN ANCIENT ARCHITECTURES:THE HISTORY,CONSERVATION AND REUSE STRATEGIES OF CHINESE ANCIENT HEATING FACILITIES

自古以来,取暖设施在中国古代建筑中有着广泛的应用。最主要的设施类型包括火炕、壁炉、地炉等。明清以来皇宫、府衙和大宅中普遍使用地炕取暖。以北京故宫养心殿为例,曾有完备的地炕系统,目前已全部废弃。地炕建造的初衷是为增加建筑的舒适性与安全性,对价值有正向影响,但在建筑发生代际传承和遗产化后,反而引发了建筑环境问题和病害,对价值有负面影响。以地炕为代表,建筑遗产保护应当注重对传统建筑设备进行必要的研究和再利用。

Since ancient times,heating facilities have been widely used in ancient Chinese buildings.The main types of these facilities are Kangs,fireplaces,pit furnaces etc.During Ming and Qing Dynasties,underground kangs were in common use in imperial palaces,government offices,and mansions for heating.Take the Yangxin Hall of the Forbidden City as an example.Once there was complete underground kang system,but now it has been completely abandoned.The original intention of the construction of the underground kang is to increase the comfortability and safety of buildings,which has a positive impact on the value.However,after the generational inheritance,it caused diseases and problems of built environment,which has negative effect in their value.The conservation of built heritage,represented by underground kangs,should focus on the necessary study and reuse of traditional building equipment.