禅刹山门内外建筑类型演变

Development of Building Types in Proximity of Chan Temple Gates

在古代城市中,钟鼓楼常常并存形成对称关系。佛寺中也有钟鼓楼,但与城市中钟鼓楼不同的是,两座建筑不一定形成对称关系。有的佛寺于金代唯建钟楼,到了明清时期才对称布置钟鼓楼。有的佛寺在与钟楼对称的位置设其他类型建筑,以轮藏殿居多。本文从佛寺建筑中钟鼓楼、轮藏殿的意义及功能入手,区分山门周围建筑类型,分析南宋时期代表性禅寺伽蓝变化,结合文献分析法与实地考察法,推导出禅刹山门内外建筑位置变化原因:禅寺于金代未设鼓楼与不杀生戒的概念有关;轮藏殿的藏经阁化、观音信仰的普及影响到钟楼位置变化;轮藏殿的位置变化还与遵守规制、伽蓝空间功能分化有关。

The bell and drum towers(zhonglou,gulou)in Chinese cities were traditionally designed in pairs.Both types of building can also be seen in Buddhist temples,although not necessarily laid out symmetrically.Until the Jin dynasty,some temples only had a bell tower,because the bell and drum towers were not simultaneously built before the Ming-Qing period.Some other temples placed another type of building(than the drum tower)at the opposite of the bell tower,most often a revolving-sutra hall This paper discusses the construction and function of the bell and drum towers and the revolving-sutra hall,all located in close proximity to the temple gates.Through literature research and site investigation,the paper then analyzes the arrangement of Buddhist Chan temple buildings and their changes in layout over time.The paper identifies the Indian concept of ahimsa(compassion)as a driving force in the erection of drum towers in Jin-dynasty Chan temples,whereas the transformation from a revolving-sutra hall to a(multi-storied)sutra pavilion(zangjingge)and the increasing popularity of Guanyin(Avalokitesvara)affected the placement of bell towers.The positional change of the revolving sutra hall reflects the changes in the conception of(temple)space that took place in the Ming dynasty.