以大历史观科学把握俄国社会发展道路——兼论马克思恩格斯思想关系

Understanding the Road of Russian Social Development Scientifically from the Perspective of Great History——A Concurrent Discussion on the Ideological Relationship between Marx and Engels

巴黎公社革命失败以后,西欧发达的资本主义国家经历了一个较长的和平发展时期,然而,俄国等经济文化比较落后的国家,由于社会矛盾不断激化,开始萌发革命的形势。马克思和恩格斯依据19世纪俄国发展的实际状况对俄国问题展开研究,明确指出俄国与西欧的不同。他们反对“一定要把我关于西欧资本主义起源的历史概述彻底变成一般发展道路的历史哲学理论”,更加反对“一切民族,不管它们所处的历史环境如何,都注定要走这条道路”的错误认识。本文通过一个具体问题——对于俄国社会发展道路问题上马克思和恩格斯的看法来分析他们之间的思想关系,这不仅影响了19世纪末20世纪初的俄国革命道路,而且在思想上对中国革命、建设和改革之路也具有重要的启示作用。

After the failure of the Paris Commune Revolution,the developed capitalist countries in Western Europe experienced a long period of peaceful development,and in Russia and other economically and culturally backward countries,due to the continuous intensified social contradictions,the situation of revolution appeared.Marx and Engels studied the Russian problems according to the actual situation of the development of Russia in the 19th century,and clearly pointed out the differences between Russia and Western Europe.They reject the theory that turns the historical outline of the origins of capitalism in Western Europe into a general path of development,and reject strongly the false understanding of the path that all the nations of the world are destined to follow,whatever their historical circumstances.This paper analyzes the ideological relationship between Marx and Engels through a specific question,that is,their views on the road of Russian social development.This not only influenced the Russian revolutionary road at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century,but also had an important role in the ideological enlightenment of China’s revolution,construction and reform.