主体逻辑与资本逻辑——《资本论》为什么不是现象学

Subject Logic and Capital Logic——Why Das Capital is not Phenomenology

阶级原理如何落实为统治原理,关切阶级、剥削、统治三者如何统一:一方面,剥削注定是阶级逻辑,资本注定是阶级逻辑的历史结果;另一方面,剥削又必然是统治逻辑,资本必然遭遇“主体反抗”,表现为资本统治逻辑及其对立面——主体逻辑。统治的方式规定了剥削的方式,《资本论》以商品为分析起点,意图展示剥削通史:阶级剥削对经济剥削的社会历史的扩展秩序。其披露的主体逻辑以阶级发生为根据,集统治逻辑、反抗逻辑于一身,而具有“宗法向算法层累”统治的工具总呈现;其工作区间为“工资——地租”,驱使资本一方面沿着商品两因素给定的阶级运动秩序展开逻辑,一方面又借由商品形式所规定的事的统治结构——价值统治和使用价值统治,进行主体管制、经济驯服。《资本论》的主体逻辑意在突出矛盾,促使资本工资成为否定辩证法的经济表现。剥削始终是出发点,社会主义“如何走出剥削”工作逻辑从对生活资料占有从而工资形式构成的矛盾规定的解析中得到启发,又从“主体如何反抗”的实际行动中历史启航。一旦我们丢开理论神秘,就能走出现象无根和无发生机理的语义窠臼,从中获得关于对象的具有行动意蕴的“主体辩证法”;沿着这个路径,展开工作线索,也就能够获得关于历史研究的真正的“革命的知识”,而这正是新时代《资本论》学术功能的价值指向。

How to implement the principle of class as the principle of rule concerns how to unify class,exploitation and rule.How to rule determines how to exploit.Das Capital takes the commodity analysis as the starting point,intending to show the general history of exploitation,the historical extended order of which is from class exploitation to economic exploitation.We always start from the problem of exploitation.The working logic of socialism“how to get out of exploitation”is inspired by the analysis of the contradictory provisions of the possession of living materials and the form of wages,and begins from the actual action of“how to resist”.Once the mystery of theory is thrown away,we can get out of the semantic stereotype of rootless phenomena,and obtain the dialectic from the perspective of human development.Along this path,expanding work leads,we can get the real“revolutionary knowledge”about historical research,which is the value orientation of the academic function of Das Capital in the new era.