资本与非生产劳动:休闲产业和休闲价值的必然性——基于马克思《1861-1863年经济学手稿》的探析

Capital and Unproductive Labor:The Inevitability of Leisure Industry and Leisure Value——An Exploration Based on Marx’s Economic Manuscript of 1861-63

通过"症候阅读法"的阐发,可从马克思在《1861-1863年经济学手稿》关于非生产劳动的论述中,发现理解休闲服务产业化之价值问题的钥匙。在马克思看来,与作为资本增殖之手段的生产劳动相比,非生产劳动本质上就是游离于资本体系之外、并不创造剩余价值的"服务性劳动";但如果把它作为资本增殖的手段,非生产劳动也就变成了生产劳动,服务劳动行业也就变成了服务产业,其中蕴含了"休闲价值"的可能性。从内容和性质看,服务劳动活动本身会成为消费或享受的对象;在丰富多彩的生活性服务劳动中,享受性服务和发展性服务具有鲜明的休闲性质和休闲价值取向;在服务劳动与资本的微妙关系中,作为资本增殖手段的服务劳动成为生产劳动进而转化为服务产业,而大多数文化性服务劳动则应在资本体系之外成为大众性公益性休闲服务,以助力最广大人民群众的文明享受和自由发展,实现休闲的目的性价值。

Through the interpretation by means of"symptomatic reading,"the key to the problem of understanding the value of leisure service industrialization can be found from Marx’s discussion on unproductive labor in his Economic Manuscript of 1861-63.In Marx’s opinion,compared with productive labor as a means of capital proliferation,unproductive labor is essentially"service labor"which exists outside the capital system and does not create surplus value;however,if used as a means of capital proliferation,unproductive labor will become productive labor,service labor industry becomes service industry,which contains the possibility of"leisure value."The essence of the life service industry is to serve people to enrich their leisure time and improve their life taste,and legal administration services also have a leisure nature in the significance of surpassing the necessary survival.Both can create and realize leisure value in the daily life and the management of public affairs of most of the people.From the content and nature,the service labor activities themselves will become the object of consumption or enjoyment.In the rich and colorful life service labor,the enjoyment service and the development service have the distinct leisure nature and the leisure value orientation.In the subtle relationship between service labor and capital,the service labor as a means of capital proliferation becomes productive labor and further transforms into service industry,while most cultural service labor should stay outside the capital system and become public leisure services to help the civilized enjoyment and free development of the masses and realize the purposeful value of leisure.