18世纪西北河川灌溉工程的营造理念述略——以王全臣水利建设实践为中心的研究

The Construction Idea of Northwest River Irrigation Project in the 18th Century——Research Centered on WANG Quanchen’s Water Conservancy Construction Practice

在干旱少雨的中国西北地区,河川灌溉工程历来对区域社会经济事业发挥着重要支撑作用。清代是西北河川灌溉工程发展的重要时期。18世纪初期,王全臣先后在宁夏平原、河西走廊疏勒河流域进行较大规模的河川灌溉工程营建,其在水源安排、渠道修造以及管理模式设计方面均取得了较为良好的效果。王全臣的水利营建活动兼涉西北区域内“丰水”、“缺水”两种基本的河川灌溉工程类型,相关技术安排既存在区别又具有内在联系,且与全国其他区域水利技术体系发生交融互鉴,呈现出黄河中下游水利技术向上游及内陆地区的扩散趋势。王全臣的实践,反映18世纪西北河川灌溉工程营造理念的鲜明特质,由此在中国水利发展史上具有重要的类型学的意义。

In the arid and rain-less northwest China, river irrigation project has always played an important role in supporting regional social and economic development.The Qing Dynasty was an important period for the development of river irrigation project in northwest China.In the early 8th century, WANG Quanchen successively carried out large-scale river irrigation projects in the Ningxia Plain and the Shule River basin of Hexi Corridor, and achieved relatively good results in water source arrangement, channel construction and management mode design.WANG Quanchen’s water conservancy construction activities are also related to two basic types of river irrigation projects in Northwest China, namely “flood” and “water shortage”.The relevant technical arrangements are not only different but also inherently related, and the water conservancy technology systems in other regions of the country are integrated and mutual learning, showing the diffusion trend of water conservancy technology in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to the upper reaches and inland areas.WANG Quanchen’s practice reflects the distinctive characteristics of the Northwest river irrigation project in the 18th century, and thus has an important typology significance in the development history of Chinese water conservancy.