某密闭环境长期作业军人环境适应性变化特征

Characteristics of environmental adaptability of military personnel during long-term performance in an enclosed environment

目的分析密闭舱室长期作业军人环境适应性动态变化特征,建立一种环境适应性评价方法,为保障密闭环境军人作业能力提供科学依据。方法对20名男性军人在任务前、初期、中期、末期、后期共5个时间点,采用红外体温计测量体温,心电记录仪测量心电图;采用环境舒适度问卷测量作业军人对环境温度、空气湿度、空气流速、光照强度、出汗、正向情绪等的感觉分数和热舒适度,用以表征军人主观环境适应性;采用热舒适度仪测量环境微小气候,以及预期平均热感觉指数(PMV)和预期不满意百分比(PPD),以表征客观环境适应性。结果(1)密闭环境大部分区域处于人体舒适范围,温度介于23~26℃,湿度为30%~70%;(2)任务期军人主观感受显示,在任务初期、中期,军人自感温度较低,且温度感觉与环境温度呈显著正相关(r2=0.9812,P<0.05);湿度感受适中,中期略微干燥,且与空气湿度不存在线性相关性;光照感觉末期偏弱;在中末期,闷热感增加;末期军人情绪烦躁感增强;(3)PMV及PPD显示,在任务初期、中期感觉凉,但任务前期、末期、后期较舒适;在任务过程中主观环境舒适感持续降低;(4)各测量时间点口温无明显变化,在任务前、初期、中期,平均皮温明显低于任务末期及后期(P<0.05);平均皮温与环境温度和温度感觉均成显著正相关(r2=0.9319,P<0.05;r2=0.805,P<0.05);(5)影响军人环境适应性的主要因素为出汗感、光照强度感受、环境温度、热感觉、平均皮温及空气湿度;其中不舒适的环境温度、光照强度、出汗感、热感觉降低军人环境适应性;而正向情绪、心率变异性良好则对军人环境适应性有促进作用。结论随任务时间的延长,军人环境适应性降低,其受微小气候影响,亦受到心理适应过程的影响。针对密闭环境长期作业人员环境适应性的变化特征,可在任务不同时期调整密闭环境微小气候要素,以维护作业人员舒适度,稳定军人情绪,维护作业能力。

Objective To establish a method evaluation of environmental adaptability by measuring and analyzing military personnel’s environmental adaptability during long-term performance in an enclosed cabin in order to provide data for maintaining soldiers′performance in a confined environment.Methods Twenty male soldiers were evaluated before the mission(BM),at the early stage of the mission(ES),halfway through the mission(MS),at the late stage of the mission(LS)and after the mission(AM).Their body temperatures were measured by the infrared thermometer while their electrocardiograms(ECGs)were measured by an electrocardiograph recorder.The environmental comfort questionnaire was used to measure the thermal scale(feeling score)and thermal comfort of soldiers related to environmental temperature,relative humidity,air velocity,light intensity,sweat,and positive emotions to represent the subjective environmental adaptability of military personnel.The environmental microclimate was measured by a thermal comfort meter,and predicted mean vote(PMV)and predicted percentage of dissatisfaction(PPD)were measured to represent the objective environmental adaptability.Results(1)Most of the enclosed environments were within the comfort range of the human body,with temperatures ranging from 23 to 26℃and relative humidity(RH)of 30%-70%.(2)The subjective perception of soldiers during the mission showed that the self-perceived temperature was lower at ES and MS,and there was a significant positive correlation between temperature perception and the ambient temperature(r2=0.9812,P<0.05).The self-perceived moisture was moderate during the whole mission,slightly dry at MS,and there was no linear correlation between self-perceived moisture and air humidity.The self-perceived light was weak at LS.The sense of mugginess increased at MS and LS.The soldiers became more agitated at AM.(3)The results of PMV and PPD showed that the ambient temperature was lower at ES and MS,and more comfortable at BM,LS,and AM.However,the subjective environmental comfort of soldiers continued to decrease during the mission.(4)There was no significant change in military personnel’s core temperature(oral temperature)during the task,and the average skin temperature at BM,ES and MS was significantly lower than at LS and AM(P<0.05).There was a significant positive correlation between the average skin temperature and ambient temperature and self-perceived temperature,respectively(r2=0.9319,P<0.05;r2=0.805,P<0.05).(5)The influencing factors of the soldiers′environmental adaptability were sweat,light intensity,ambient temperature,thermal sensation,average skin temperature and air humidity.Among them,the environmental adaptability was reduced by the uncomfortable ambient temperature,light intensity,sweat and thermal sensation,but was promoted by good positive emotion and heart rate variability.Conclusion During the mission,the environmental adaptability of military personnel decreases over time,which is affected by the microclimate and psychological adaptation process.According to the environmental resilience change of long-term operators in the enclosed environment,the microclimatic elements can be adjusted in different phases of the mission to maintain the soldiers’thermal comfort,stabilize their emotions and maintain their operational ability.