魂归何处:马王堆一号汉墓T形帛画中的阴阳、神仙思想

The Yin-Yang and Immortal Ideas in the T-shaped Silk Paintings of Mawangdui No.1 Han Tomb

学界一般认为,马王堆汉墓是一个受黄老思想及楚文化共同影响的汉代墓葬。实际上,道家阴阳学说与神仙思想对于汉初的葬仪葬制影响也很大。在道家的宇宙生成逻辑中,气聚成精,继生万物。生人若要干预墓主死后命运,力所能及的便是设法聚合死者的精气,故而T形帛画中描绘了大量阴阳合气的场景,旨在期冀墓主由此能"出死入生"。同时,该帛画上的璧、龙组合促成了死者从肉体存在到永恒灵魂、由此世到彼世的转化。流行于战国末期至汉初的神仙思想认为,人类在神的指引下修炼成仙,可和神一样超脱时空约束,但又不像神那样完全与尘世俗乐隔绝。从神仙思想出发可以清晰地看到帛画除却"铭旌"与"魂幡"的第三种用途:把灵魂从地府召回之后,正面朝下平铺在内棺盖上的帛画与内棺、轪侯夫人尸体在第三重棺内部会产生某种互动,它指引逝者的灵魂循着灵璧的孔进入神仙世界,而不是引导灵魂上天或入地。

It is generally believed that Mawangdui Han Tomb(in Changsha of Hunan Province)is a Han Dynasty(202 BC-220)tomb influenced by Huang-Lao thought(Taoism highly praising Huangdi and Lao Tzu)and Chu(in today’s Hubei and Hunan provinces)culture.In fact,the Taoist theory of Yin and Yang(the most antagonistic relation in ancient Chinese philosophy)and the immortal idea also had a great influence on the burial ceremony and system in the early Han Dynasty.In the Taoist logic of universe formation,Qi(spirit)gathers into essence and gives birth to all things.If strangers want to interfere with the fate of the tomb owner after death,what they can do is to try to gather the spirit of the deceased,so the T-shaped silk paintings depict a large number of scenes of Yin and Yang,in the hope that the tomb owner can"get out of death into life".At the same time,the combination of jade and dragon in the silk painting contributed to the transformation of the dead from physical existence to eternal soul,from this world to that world.The idea of immortals,which was popular from the end of the Warring States period(475 BC-221 BC)to the beginning of the Han Dynasty,believed that human beings could become immortals under the guidance of God,breaking away from the constraints of time and space like God,but they were not completely isolated from earth like God.Starting from the immortal thought,we can clearly see the third use of silk painting to recall the soul from the underworld and guide the soul of the deceased to enter the immortal world through the hole of the jade,rather than leading the soul to heaven or earth.