点泥成金:清代鸦片烟消费与鸦片的商品化

Turning Mud into Gold:Smoking Opium Consumption and Its Commodification in the Qing Dynasty

清代鸦片的商品化过程始于18世纪初。1729年清政府颁布鸦片禁令后,除药用鸦片之外,可供吸食的鸦片仍然存在于市场流通中。吸食方式的变化开启了鸦片烟的商品化过程。吸食纯鸦片很可能源自使用进口鸦片去除杂质的步骤,这直接导致鸦片需求量的增长与配套烟具的出现。消费心理对鸦片商品化的推动,不仅表现为上层人士对精美烟具的追求和对吸食鸦片后精神状态的美化,也表现为其他社会阶层出于慕效、寻求认同、寻求解脱等原因选择鸦片的行为。在鸦片逐渐渗透清代社会各阶层的同时,烟馆作为鸦片消费最主要的场所,其盈利内容由便捷快速地满足顾客吸烟需求,转变为售卖鸦片吸食服务和塑造鸦片消费光鲜诱人的形象,成为鸦片商品化过程中又一重要的推动力。

The commercialisation of opium in the Qing dynasty began in the early 18th century,when the Qing government issued an opium ban in 1729,except for medicinal opium,smoking opium still existed in the market.In the process of dealing with the impurities of imported opium,the way of smoking pure opium appeared,increasing the market demand for opium at the same time,but also gave rise to the emergence of a variety of smoking equipment to match.The promotion of the commercialisation of opium by consumer psychology is not only manifested in the pursuit of exquisite smoking utensils and the glorification of the state of mind after using opium by the upper classes,but also in the choice of opium by other social classes for reasons such as admiration for the effects of opium,the search for recognition,and the search for relaxation.When opium gradually penetrated into all social classes in the Qing Dynasty,the opium house,as the most important place for opium consumption,changed its profit content from convenient and fast to meet the customers'needs to selling services and shaping a positive image of opium consumption,which became another important driving force in the process of opium commercialisation.