现代性与在地化:民国时期中国红十字会妇幼卫生工作的路径嬗变

Modernity and Localization:The Path Evolution of Maternal and Child Health Work of the Red Cross Society in Republican China

全面抗战爆发前,南京国民政府有意推进妇幼卫生事业,囿于战事影响及民众传统卫生观念落后而成效不彰,妇幼死亡率居高不下。战后,国民政府将妇幼卫生列入复员重点工作全力推进。中国红十字会为辅助政府工作开展及推进组织现代化转型,适时调适妇幼卫生工作路径:卫生工作设计从顶层滞留发展为上下交互,卫生宣传教育由单凭理论渐及配合实践,卫生工作施行由总会独揽转为分会承担。其工作路径的嬗变,有力地传播了科学的妇幼卫生理念,推进了科学接生方式,促进了乡村妇幼保健。而此间呈现的实施机构设置普及度有限、工作内容未能充分观照女性身体卫生、工作开展掣肘重重等问题,则反映了民国时期中国妇幼卫生事业发展任重道远。

Before the outbreak of total resistance against Japan,the Nanjing National government tried to push Modern China's Health care career of women and children forward.Owing to the war and the uncultured health concept of the public,mortality rates of maternal and child still remained high level.After the war,the revival of national strength becoming particularly urgent,the Nanjing National Government promoted all the efforts on the focus of the maternal and child health work.In order to assist the government and promote the modernization of the organization,the Red Cross Society of China timely adjusted the maternal and child health work path.It had improved the design of maternal and child health work from the top stranded to up-down interaction,the health propaganda and education changed from pure theory to combine practice,and the implementation of health work converted from the headquarters to the branch.The transmutation of its working path had more effectively spread the scientific concept of maternal and child health,promoted the scientific way of delivery,and accelerated the maternal and child health care in rural areas.However,the problems in this process,including limited coverage of the implementation institutions,insufficient attention to women's health,and numerous constraints in the implementation of the work,indicated that there was still a long way to go for the development of maternal and child health in modern China.From the perspectives of public health history and Red Cross movement history,this path evolution provided a way to think about the modernity and localization of modern China.