亦中亦西:民国前期北方瘟疫防治的二元面相

The Binary Phenomenon of Plague Control in Northern China in the Early Republic of China,1912-1927

民国前期,中国北方的瘟疫防治呈现传统与近代两种元素交互共存的二元面相特征。在观念上,国民传统的防疫经验与近代科学防疫知识并存;在防治措施上,新旧机关联合、中西医并用防治瘟疫,采用传统物理方法和西方化学方法兼行消毒,火葬法和土葬法相机处理尸体等。可以看出,这一时期中国北方的瘟疫防治从沿袭旧法到新旧方法并用,从赈济为主到防、治兼施,逐渐走向近代化。在中国北方社会氛围和时代观念影响下,瘟疫防治的近代化杂糅着中国特有的传统因素,但在实践过程中政府和民间表现出的二元面相有较大差异,因而产生的效果也不甚相同。

In the early Republic of China,plague control in northern China was characterized by a binary phenomenon in which traditional and modern elements coexisted.In terms of concepts,traditional national experience of epidemic prevention coexisted with modern scientific knowledge of epidemic prevention;in terms of prevention and control measures,the old and new organs were combined,Chinese and Western medicine were used to combat the epidemic,traditional physical and Western chemical methods were used to disinfect the body,and cremation and earth burial methods were used to dispose of the body.It can be seen that plague control in northern China during this period gradually moved towards modernization,from following old methods to using both old and new ones,and from relief to both prevention and treatment.The modernization of plague control,which was influenced by the social climate and perceptions of the times in northern China,was a mixture of traditional elements unique to China,but the binary phenomenon shown by the government and the people in practice was quite different and thus produced different results.