外周神经:冷战前与冷战时期拉丁美洲卫生学的非传统命运与团结协作

Peripheral Nerve:Latin American Health and Medicine’s Alternative Destinies and Solidarities before and during the Cold War

两次世界大战期间和冷战时期,拉丁美洲卫生和医疗参与者(专业人员、政策制定者、学生和教育工作者等)与苏联同行之间保持着紧密的联系。拉丁美洲各类行动者及其国家与苏联之间的一系列纠葛出于好奇的互动,但之后则有了更深层的联系,特别是墨西哥和乌拉圭。以往的冷战史学(以及其中的卫生/医学)在考察这一议题时存在局限性——它将拉丁美洲的发展描绘成美苏对抗的衍生物,并且在很大程度上认为相较于苏联,美国在该地区主导地位更为重要。然而实际上,拉丁美洲各国巧妙地利用了冷战中超级大国之间的对抗,整个第三世界联盟以及拉丁美洲和东欧之间的密切联系与团结,使拉丁美洲可以在紧张的地缘政治背景下实现卫生方面的专业化、科学化和社会化目标。

This article offers an overview of connections between Latin American health and medical players(professionals,policymakers,students,and educators,among others)and counterparts in the Soviet Union across the dynamic interwar and Cold War periods.It begins by exploring a range of entanglements between various Latin American actors and countries and the Soviet Union,highlighting both curious interactions and deeper ties,especially involving Mexico and Uruguay.It then critiques the constrictions of Cold War historiography(and health/medicine therein)-which portrays Latin American developments as derivative of the U.S.-Soviet rivalry,and which largely considers the Cold War as a mere backdrop secondary to U.S.dominance of the region.Lastly it discusses how Latin American health and state building efforts deftly played the Cold War superpowers against one another and how alternative mobilities,including affinities and solidarities across the Third World and with Eastern Europe,enabled the pursuit of professional,scientific,and social goals amid larger geopolitical constraints.