查加斯病历史中的知识与政治:巴西与阿根廷的纠葛(1909—1959)

Knowledge and Politics on the History of Chagas’Disease.Brazil and Argentina,1909-1959

科学是一种具有历史背景的社会活动。1909年,卡洛斯·查加斯首次描述了查加斯病。到1950年代,这一疾病在医学层面和政治层面得到充分承认。对由此产生的科学知识和形成的政治话语的研究,有三个基本的阶段。第一阶段可以追溯至1909年至1930年代中期。这一时期是巴西与阿根廷对该疾病进行研究的早期阶段,当时的科学争议和政治争议破坏了最初围绕该疾病的医学和社会意义所达成的共识。1930年代后半期至1940年代后期是第二阶段。此时,巴西与阿根廷的科学和政治情况呈现出新局面,两国也恢复和重新规划了对这一课题的研究。第三阶段是1950年代。这一时期旨在防治该疾病运动被首次发起,广大公众逐渐对查加斯病有了明确的认识。本文的目标是分析查加斯病作为科学事实和公共卫生问题的构建过程。这一过程充满了争论和谈判,并且与两国的科学、卫生、社会和国家辩论有着密切联系。

Approaching from a perspective that considers science to be a historically situated social activity,the article examines the principle framings of Chagas disease in Brazil and Argentina from the time Carlos Chagas first described the disease,in 1909,until the illness attained full medical and political recognition,in the 1950s.The scientific knowledge that was consequently produced and the political discourses that took shape are examined during three basic moments.The first begins with early studies into the disease in Brazil and Argentina,dating from 1909 to the mid-1930s,a period when scientific and political controversies undermined the initial consensus surrounding the medical and social import of the illness.The second period,running from the latter half of the 1930s through the late 1940s,witnessed the renewal and reconfiguration of research on the topic in Brazil and Argentina during a time of new scientific and political scenarios in both countries.Lastly,the 1950s ushered in the first campaigns to combat the illness,as well as its definitive recognition by the public at large.The article thus analyzes the construction of Chagas disease as a scientific fact and public health problem within a process that was marked by disputes and negotiations,as well as by close relations between science,health,society,and national debates in both countries.