早期教会医院的日常运作与中西交往——以晚清汉口为中心

The Daily Operation of Early Mission Hospitals and Intercourse between East and West: based on Hankow in Late-Qing Dynasty

成立于19世纪中期的汉口普爱医院、仁济医院,是基督新教在华中最早建立的两座医院。本文以此为案例,探析近代早期教会医院的日常运作、社会关系与医疗视野下的中西交往。医院实行象征性的收费制度以维护秩序,就诊日程向弱势群体倾斜,开展诸多外科手术,吸引各个阶层的病人就诊。医院的地方影响力不断扩大,但未与官府或其他华人精英形成稳定联系,其运营的绝大部分资金由在汉外侨捐助。通过医院报告考察医疗传教士与地方民众的交往,可见华人对外国西医的"信任"与"偏见",背后隐藏着相对固定的逻辑。与同时期多数医疗传教士批判、鄙夷中医不同,普爱医院的施维善医生与当地中医、中药铺的往来交流,使中西医药知识获得双向传递。上述考察希望深化对晚清教会医院与医疗传教士的历史认知。

Founded in the middle of the 19 th century,the two Hankow medical mission hospitals,respectively in connection with Wesley Missionary Society and London Missionary Society,are the first two hospitals founded by Christian missionaries in central China.With closely inspection of the patient classes,daily operation and social relationship of the early time in these two hospitals,we can understand the actual living and working situations of mission hospitals in early modern China.Furthermore,we can regard the mission hospital as a window into which we can explore the daily intercourses between foreign doctors and Chinese people in daily,specific contexts of medical care and their inner logic behind such behaviors and statements.It can help us to deepen our understanding of the relationship between the mission hospitals in late Qing and the local society.