道义逻辑、人工智能与法律——霍菲尔德法律关系形式理论的应用

Deontic Logic, Artificial Intelligence and Law:——An Application of Hohfeld’s Formal Theory of Legal Relations

1913年霍菲尔德发表了《司法推理中应用的基本法律概念》一文,发现了"法律概念的最小公分母",并建立起法律关系的形式理论。时经一百年,其价值与生命力更为凸显。本文比较了其与冯·赖特的道义逻辑思想,阐述了霍菲尔德的法律关系形式理论对于道义逻辑的发展的重要意义。本文认为,霍菲尔德的术语,表面上是自然语言,它们选自美国司法裁判文献中常用的法律术语和概念,但严格地说,它已经超越了自然语言,上升为一种人工的符号系统,是一套法律的符号逻辑。霍菲尔德的概念矩阵符合格鲁勃标准,它必然成为法律人工智能领域的本体论。A-霍菲尔德语言就是一项重要尝试。霍菲尔德的术语体系将影响未来的立法技术,成为一种极具革命性的符号系统。

In 1913,Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld published the article Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning,and established a formal theory of legal relations based on his finding of"the lowest common denominators of legal concepts".One hundred years later,its value and vitality has been proved more prominent.This paper compares the deontic logic thoughts of von Wright with that of Hohfeld,and expounds the significant contribution Hohfeld’s theory could make for the development of deontic logic.Hohfeld’s terminology is,on the surface,a kind of natural language quoted from judicial practice in the United States.However,in essence,it is a set of symbolic logic of law.Satisfying the Gruber standard,Hohfeld’s concept matrix necessarily serves as an ontology for legal artificial intelligence.A-Hohfeld language is an important attempt.As a revolutionary symbol system,Hohfeld’s terminology will reshape legislative technique in future.