反向占有、取得时效、占据空屋运动与所有权积极行使义务——兼论《魏玛宪法》第153条的历史根源

Adverse Possession, Usucapio, Squatter Movement and Owner’s Obligations of Actively Exercise His Ownership: Also on the Historical Roots of Article 153 of the Weimar Constitution

反向占有是英美法上的制度,取得时效是大陆法上的制度,两者的共性是鞭策所有人积极行使所有权,否则剥夺其此等权利。这种精神为《魏玛宪法》第153条所继承,它课加了所有权义务,其中包括积极行使的义务。二战后,占据空屋运动主要在欧洲发生,它是反向占有的一种具体形式,但凸显了该制度"劫富济贫"的方面。我国由于把购房当作一种投资方式,房屋空置率偏高,引入反向占有的猛药进行治理是一种可能的选项,但空置税的选项更加可行。反向占有、取得时效和空屋占领三个制度都以行为人欲望强、道德水平持中、资源供应不足为基础,一旦这三个要素发生反方向变化,这三个制度就可能发生失灵。这种失灵在日本的一些地方已成为现实。

Adverse possession is a system in the Anglo-American law,and the usucapio is a system in the civil law.The commonality between the two is to spur everyone to actively exercise their ownership,otherwise deprive them of such rights.This spirit is inherited by Article 153 of the Weimar Constitution,which imposes ownership obligations,including obligations that are actively exercised.After the Second World War,the squatter movement took place mainly in Europe.It was a specific form of adverse possession,but it highlighted the aspect of the system’s"killing the rich and helping the poor".Chinese people of nowadays take purchasing of house as an investment method,resulting a high rate of housing vacancy,the introduction of adverse possession as a harmful drug to control it is a possible option,but the option of vacant tax is more feasible.The three systems,namely adverse possession,usucapio and squatter empty house occupation are based on the strong desire of the actor,the medium ethical level and the lack of resources.Once the three elements change in the opposite direction,all three systems may fail.This failure has become a reality in some parts of Japan.