《民法典草案》“承揽合同”章评析与完善

The Analysis and Improvement of the Work Contract in the Draft of the Civil Code of China

《民法典草案》"承揽合同"一章基本保留了其在《合同法》中的原貌,应进一步完善改进。"交付工作成果"不应成为承揽合同类型认定的要件;适法转承揽中,应仅使承揽人承担选任责任;承揽人迟延时,定作人依《合同法》第94条主张解除应受限制;同时应进一步细化承揽人的瑕疵责任。定作人协助义务在性质上属于不真正义务,因定作人违反该义务承揽人解除合同的,承揽人可主张损害赔偿;来料加工型承揽,定作人取得工作物所有权;承揽人包工包料,定作人支付材料价款的情形下,应区分情形判断工作物归属。材料的风险,实行所有人主义;由承揽人提供材料的,应由承揽人承担风险;报酬的风险视工作成果是否需要交付来决定。承揽工作完成之前,定作人可随时解除合同;此时承揽人有权请求合同约定的报酬以及因合同解除而增加的费用,但承揽人因合同解除而节约的成本应予扣除。

As one typical contract,the contract to produce a work in the draft of the Civil Code of China should be improved further.This article argues that the delivery of work results should not be necessary for the identification of work contract.If the sub-contract was approved by the hirer,the contractor should just take the selection liability of the delegation.The hirer claims the termination shall be limited in case of delay of the contractor.The defect liability of the contractor should be further improved.As for the legal nature of the hirer’s cooperative obligation,this article believes that it is fundamentally qualified as a Obliegenheit.If the contract is terminated by the contractor due to the breach of the cooperative obligation,the contractor may claim damages.The hirer obtains the ownership of the work item by supplying materials;if the materials for the work is supplied by the contractor,the hirer can get the ownership of the work item if he has paid the material price.The risk of materials shall be distributed to the owner,by contrast,the risk of the remuneration shall be determined according to whether the work needs to be delivered.The hirer may terminate the contract discretionarily before the contractor completes the work;at this time,the hirer can claim the right to remuneration as agreed in the contract,but the cost saved by the hirer due to the termination of the contract shall be deducted.