在“事实”与“主义”之间:中山舰事件前蒋介石联俄思想之迭变

Between“Facts”and“Doctrines”:Evolution of Chiang's Thought of Allying with USSR before Zhongshan Warship Incident

中山舰事件前,蒋介石的联俄思想迭经起伏演变,影响其立场的两个核心因素是“事实”和“主义”。早年蒋介石因向往苏俄自强革命并认同其部分“主义”而主张师法苏俄,并率团访俄寻求对中国革命的支援。但苏俄政府否定孙中山提出的西北军事计划使蒋甚感失望,蒋认为苏俄“事实”上并无援助诚意,故归国后虽仍赞同其“主义”,对联俄政策则持消极态度。此后,苏俄提供大量军事援助,帮助国民党巩固了广东革命根据地,同时苏俄顾问扶助蒋迅速提升其地位。这使蒋相信苏俄的援助诚意,重新确立了联俄思想,直至中山舰事件前夕因苏联顾问反对北伐计划和削减军校经费等问题而再度开始动摇。“主义”认同是蒋介石联俄思想的重要基础,但决定其态度与立场的则是他认定的“事实”。在行伍出身的蒋介石眼中,是否给予军事援助和支持国民党的军事计划是苏俄有无援助诚意的最重要“事实”。由此可见,蒋介石的联俄思想虽不无理想主义色彩,但其底色仍是现实主义和功利主义。蒋与苏俄的关系自始就缺乏稳固的基础,为其后来走向与苏俄决裂乃至反苏预埋了伏笔。

Before the Zhongshan Warship Incident,Chiang Kai⁃shek's thought of alliance with Soviet Russia underwent twists and turns,and the two key influencing factors were“facts”and“doctrines.”In the early years,Chiang advocated that KMT should learn from Soviet Russia,because he admired the latter's independent revolution and recognized part of its“doc⁃trines”.He headed the Sun Yat⁃sen Delegation to Soviet Russia,seeking support for the Chinese Revolution.The USSR Gov⁃ernment,however,disapproved Sun Yat⁃sen's Northwest Military Plan,which disappointed Chiang so much so that he be⁃lieved Soviet Russia in“fact”had no sincerity to support KMT.After returning to China,therefore,Chiang took a passive at⁃titude towards the policy of allying with Soviet Russia,though he still approved of the latter's doctrines.Later,Soviet Russia offered KMT enormous military aid and helped consolidate its Guangdong Revolutionary Base;meanwhile,Soviet Russian ad⁃visers assisted in Chiang's rapid rise to power.Those“facts”made Chiang believe in its sincerity and reestablished his thought of allying with Soviet Russia,which began to waver again before the Zhongshan Warship Incident because of Soviet advisers'opposition to the Northern Expedition plan and issue of funds reduction for Huangpu Military Academy.The recogni⁃tion of“doctrines”constituted significant foundation for Chiang's thought of alliance with Soviet Russia,with“facts”being decisive to his attitude and standpoint.As a military man,Chiang regarded whether or not Soviet Russia offered military aid and supported KMT's military plan as the foremost“facts”for sincerity.It can be seen that Chiang's thought of allying with Soviet Russia,albeit its idealistic color,was realistic and utilitarian in essence.Chiang's relationship with Soviet Russia lacked a solid foundation from the very beginning,which foreshadowed their later breakup and mutual hostility.