尼赫鲁政府的文官控制措施及其对印度国防建设和军事能力的影响(1947—1962)

Nehru’s Civil Control Measures and Their Impact on India’s Defense Construction and Military Capability (1947-1962)

在军政关系中,文官控制是一种具有代表性的政策选择,也是区分不同军政关系类型的重要指标。印度独立初期,尼赫鲁政府为防范军队发动政变,通过制度设计和意识形态,实现了全面型的强文官控制。在制度设计层面,通过平衡文武力量,尼赫鲁有所克制地组建了本国的军事力量;通过塑造官僚体系内部的张力,尼赫鲁限制了高级军官影响力的膨胀。在意识形态层面,通过弱化国家安全威胁、强化文官控制规范的传播,尼赫鲁降低了军事议题在国家事务中的重要性,同时也增强了军队服从文官的意识。上述措施一方面降低了军人发动政变的可能性,但另一方面也对印度的国防建设和军事能力造成了负面影响。

Civil control is the key connotation of military-government relationship,which fundamentally distinguishes the different types of military-government relations.In the early days of India’s independence,Nehru achieved strong and entire civil control through institutional design and ideological formation.For institutional design,Nehru established his own military forces with restraint on the basis of coup-proofing by balancing civil and military forces.By shaping tensions within the bureaucracy,he limited the swelling influence of senior officers.At the ideological level,he played down the importance of military issues in state affairs and enhanced the army’s subordination to civil officials by weakening the threat to national security and strengthening the spread of norms of civil control.These measures reduced the possibility of military coups,but on the other hand,they cast negative impact on India’s defense construction and military capability.