冯玉祥在护国战争中的两面策略——兼论北洋集团的组织方式及其崩解原因

Feng Yuxiang’s Dual Strategy during Republic-Defence War——Organization Mode of Beiyang Group and Its Disintegration

护国军与北洋军在川南的主力决战是护国战争胜败的关键。北洋军第16混成旅旅长冯玉祥内心反对帝制,但畏惧袁世凯势力,不得不受命率部进攻叙府(今宜宾),但在白沙场血战中败退。叙府护国军大部调往泸州之后,冯玉祥第二次进攻叙府成功,受到袁世凯通令嘉奖。此后冯玉祥与蔡锷暗中合作,使北洋军错失了击败护国军的最佳机会。随着护国战争形势高涨,冯玉祥逐步背叛了北洋派,积极推动四川独立,并最终加入了护国军。北洋集团的组织形式就是袁世凯的私人关系网,既没有统一的意识形态,也没有严密的组织纪律,段祺瑞、冯国璋、冯玉祥等的政治思想都与袁世凯不同,在交通信息不畅的条件下,中国巨大的空间尺度又增加了中央控制地方的难度,北洋集团因此一步步走向崩解,统一中国的历史使命最终是由拥有强大意识形态和组织力量的中国共产党来完成。

The decisive battle between the Republic-Defence Army and the Beiyang Army in southern Sichuan was critical to the outcome of the Republic-Defence War.Feng Yuxiang,commander of the 16th integrated brigade of the Beiyang Army,was opposed to the imperial system,but was afraid of Yuan Shikai’s influence.He had to take the order to attack Xufu(today’s Yibin),but he was defeated in the bloody battle in Baishachang.After most of the Republic-Defence forces in Xufu were transferred to Luzhou,Feng attacked Xufu for a second time,achieved victory and was rewarded by Yuan.Since then,Feng secretly cooperated with Cai E,so that the Beiyang Army missed its best opportunity to beat the Republic-Defence Army.With the Republic-Defence War upsurging,Feng gradually turned against the Beiyang Group,actively promoted the independence of Sichuan,and finally joined the Defence Army.The organizational form of Beiyang Group was actually Yuan’s personal network,with neither unified ideology nor strict organizational discipline.Duan Qirui,Feng Guozhang and Feng Yuxiang’s political thoughts were all different from Yuan’s,and the huge spatial scale of China increased the difficulty of central control.Therefore,the Beiyang Group gradually disintegrated and gave way to the Communist Party of China,a new political party with strong ideological and organizational power,who was to accomplish the historical mission of unifying China.