全国抗战时期蒋介石争取美国军机的援助

Chiang’s Experience in Seeking US Military Assistance during War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression

全国抗战时期,争取制空权非常重要,蒋介石为此向美国寻求飞机援助。由于美国实施“先欧后亚”战略,飞机主要用于援助英国和满足自身需要;珍珠港事变爆发前,美国害怕卷入中日冲突,其对华援助以不触怒日本为原则。这些因素导致蒋介石寻求美国飞机援助经历很多困难。1940年年中以前,蒋介石希望通过对美借款购买美国军机,但无效果。1940年6月以后,蒋介石加大了争取美国军机援助的力度,通过派宋子文、毛邦初等赴美游说,并亲自与来访的美国特使居里会谈争取,但至珍珠港事变爆发前,中国只得到100架美国军机。珍珠港事变爆发后,中美成为盟国,蒋介石理直气壮地寻求美方租贷飞机,美国也逐渐增加了对华军事援助。中方通过争取,到1942年年底接收美机169架。1943年,美国开始向中国提供新式飞机。自1944年下半年开始,美方开始大量援华飞机。美国援华飞机对于中国抗战发挥了一定的作用,但因美国在抗战后期才向中国大量输入飞机,所以这些飞机后来也成为国民党蒋介石挑起内战的军事资本。

Air supremacy was of vital importance in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,so Chiang Kai-shek sought assistance of aircraft from the United States.The US implemented the strategy of“first Europe,then Asia”,and US aircraft was mainly used to meet its own needs and to assist the United Kingdom.Before the Pearl Harbor Incident,the US was reluctant to get involved in the conflict between China and Japan,and its aid to China was based on the premise of not offending Japan.Chiang encountered many difficulties in seeking US assistance.Before mid-1940,Chiang hoped to purchase American military aircraft through loans from the US,but in vain.After June 1940,Chiang stepped up efforts to enlist assistance by sending Song Ziwen and Mao Bangchu to the USA,and he personally held talks with visiting the US special envoy.However,by the time the Pearl Harbor Incident broke out,he only received 100 US military aircraft.With the outbreak of Pearl Harbor Incident,China and the US became allies.Chiang began to confidently seek US chartered aircraft,and the US gradually increased its military assistance to China.By the end of 1942,China received 169 American aircraft,and in 1943,the US began to supply China with new-type aircraft.Starting from the second half of 1944,the US began to provide a large number of planes to aid China.The military aircraft from US played its role in Chinese people’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,but since the majority of aircraft came to China in the later period of the Resistance War,they were later used by Chiang as military capital to start the civil war.