二战时期伦敦民众防空体系及防空洞生活述论

Civil Air Defense System in London during World War Ⅱ

1940年7月,纳粹德国为迫使英国同意通过谈判达成和平协议,对英国本土实施了大规模的战略轰炸,英国各大城市和工业中心都遭到重创,其中尤以首都伦敦受创最为严重。数万民众无处躲避日夜不停的轰炸,只能自发前往地铁站、教堂地下室等地寻求庇护。大规模的人口聚集带来极大的公共安全隐患和传染病风险,数量庞大的工人阶级夜晚缺少安全的休息场所,也为战时生产增加了不稳定因素。因此,在英国共产党的呼吁和《工人日报》等舆论的推动下,英国政府开始主导民众防空设施的建设规划,并在地方机构和志愿组织的协助下,建立了自上而下的民众防空体系,为住在防空洞中近2/3的伦敦市民提供伙食、医疗等基础保障,维护了伦敦民众的生命安全与健康水平。伦敦民众防空洞生活的有序开展得益于社会各界的协作和全民的参与,其过程不仅表现出英国人的自我管理能力和乐观精神,也改善了政府与民众的关系。

In July1940,in order to compel Great Britain to sign a negotiated peace aggreement,Nazi Germany conducted a large-scale strategic bombing on the British mainland.Major cities and industrial centers were severely damaged,and the capital city of London suffered the most in the Blitz.Tens of thousands of people in London had nowhere to evade the bombs and had to seek shelter in tubes and church basements.Unsupervised mass gatherings brought about acute risks of public safety and infectious diseases.What’s worse,wartime production became unstable for lacking of air-raid protection for workers.Therefore,driven by the appeal of the Communist Party of Great Britain and public opinion of media like Daily Worker,the British government developed a system of air-raid precautions with the help of many voluntary organizations,providing food,medicine,and other necessities for nearly two-thirds of Londoners living in bomb shelters.The orderly working of the civil defense system benefited from the cooperation of all walks of life and the participation of all the people.In this process,the British people demonstrated their self-management ability and optimism and the relationship between the government and the people was also improved.