孟良崮战役国民党军失败原因再分析

Another Look at Failure of KMT Troops in Battle of Menglianggu

以往有关孟良崮战役的研究虽然都分析了指挥、协作和武器问题,但仍留有不少可以细化拓展的余地。从军事角度看,国民党军失败的首要因素在于己方情报泄露,从而陷入了既不知己也不知彼的完败境地。国民党军队还高估了其空军的战斗能力。由于当时美国政府的军事禁运,国民党空军本已捉襟见肘,再加上诸多因素的牵制,山东战场的空军作战能力极其有限,甚至还产生了负面影响。整编第74师并非全美械装备,战场兵力和武器都不及对手;华东野战军还装备了大量迫击炮,从而形成了近距离山地争夺战中的火力优势。整74师师长张灵甫战前的轻敌倾向还是由于情报不足所致,但登高据守的决策总体来说却并非兵败的原因。

Previous research on the Battle of Menglianggu pointed out that the KMT troops lost the battle to the PLA because of the problems in their command,coordination and weapons.This article,based on archival materials,attempts to prove that the primary reason for the defeat of KMT was its poor intelligence system.Moreover,the fledging Air Force,whose combat ability was overestimated,did not play the role it had been expected in the battle.Due to the military embargo of the United States,the Air Force and the R74 D were insufficiently supplied with American-made weapons and ammunitions.On the contrary,the PLA Army was well supplied with mortars and shells,either offered by the Soviets or self-produced.General Zhang Lingfu,who commanded the R74 D,made errors in judgment before the battle because of faulty intelligence reports by the G-2 personnel.However,he was not to blame for his decision to take over the highland of Menglianggu,since that was not the real cause for failure.