明清时期中朝贸易的发展与演变

The Development of Sino-Korean Trade in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期是历史上中朝传统贸易规模较大、贸易关系发展比较稳定的一个时期。朝贡、使行、边市、海上四种贸易形态,构成了明清时期中朝贸易的基本结构。其中朝贡贸易是主导的贸易形态,边市贸易和海上民间贸易自由度较高,海上民间贸易在晚清时期取代朝贡贸易成为中朝贸易的主要形态。明清时期中朝贸易的发展,有政治上求稳定与经济上求利益的双重动力因素,推动着中朝贸易在宗藩封贡体制下缓慢发展。明清时期的中朝贸易虽然表现出明显的保守倾向,但它维护了双方各自的政治地位和领土安全,有利于中朝关系的和谐稳定,在推动两国经贸交流良性发展的同时,也促进了中国东北和朝鲜北部地区的经济开发。

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the period when the traditional trade between China and North Korea was large in scale and the development of the relationship was the most stable.The basic structure of Sino-Korean trade in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was composed of tribute,envoy,border market and sea.Among them,tributary is the dominant form of trade,and the freedom of border trade and maritime non-governmental trade is relatively high.In the late Qing Dynasty,maritime non-governmental trade replaced tribute trade and became the main form of Sino-Korean trade.The development of trade between China and Korea has the dual dynamic factors of seeking both stability in politics and interests in economy,which promotes the development,of trade gradually between China and Korea under the system of suzerain-vassal tribute.Although the trade between China and Korea in the Ming and Qing Dynasties showed an obvious conservative tendency,it maintained the political status and territorial security of both sides,and was conducive to the harmonious and stable relations between China and Korea.While maintaining the sound development of economic and trade exchanges between the two countries,it promoted the economic development of Northeast China and North Korea.