不同施肥模式对东北粳稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

Effects of Different Fertilization Modes on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Japonica Rice in Northeast China

为研究节肥增效施肥模式,提高氮肥利用率、减少倒伏、品质下降和环境污染等问题,以水稻品种“吉农大138”为材料进行2年大田栽培试验,研究了4种施肥模式农民传统(T1)、增密减氮(T2)、改良农民传统(T3)、有机肥替代化肥(T4)对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:增密减氮和改良农民传统比农民传统的2年产量分别平均提高11.42%和3.31%;穗数分别提高19.75%和14.75%,千粒重分别提高8.72%和4.99%,每平方米穗数对产量贡献最大;增密减氮比农民传统的氮肥偏生产力增加29.01%;且水稻后期的叶面积指数、光合势和SPAD值均比农民传统模式更优化。增密减氮施肥能够增加水稻的单位面积穗数、千粒重、干物质量、光合势和增加水稻产量,有利于提高氮肥利用效率并可减少氮肥施用量,是一种较好的水稻轻简化栽培施肥模式。

This paper discussed the fertilization modes of saving fertilizer and increasing efficiency,and the issues of improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing lodging,quality decline and environmental pollution.A two-year field cultivation experiment was carried out with“Jinongda138”as the material,and the effects of 4 kinds of fertilization modes,T1 with traditional cultivation of farmers,T2 with enhanced density and reduced nitrogen fertilizer,T3 with traditional cultivation reform of farmers and T4 with organic manure replacing chemical fertilizer,on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were studied.The results showed that the rice yield of T2 and T3 increased by 11.42%and 3.31%,respectively,compared with T1;The number of panicles increased by 19.75%and 14.75%,and the 1000-grain weight increased by 8.72%and 4.99%,respectively.The number of panicles per square meter contributed the most to the yield;The partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in T2 was 29.01%higher than that in T1.The leaf area index,photosynthetic potential and SPAD value of rice in the late stage were more optimized than those in T1.T2 fertilization could increase panicle number per unit area,1000-grain weight,dry matter and photosynthetic potential of rice,increase rice yield,improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce nitrogen application rate,which is a better simplified fertilization mode for light cultivation of rice.