欧美经济思想史的意识形态谱系——基于自由主义类型的分析

The Ideological Pedigree of the History of Economic Thoughts in Europe and America:A Typological Analysis of Liberalism

本文的主旨在于提炼自由主义的共识,分析和比较自由主义的三种具体历史形态,用它们来识别历代主流经济学派在意识形态类型上的差异;展示这些意识形态类型在经济学中的表现形式,包括与之对应的政策倾向、理论结构及其特设。这些学派都是资本主义市场经济制度的辩护者,脱胎于各自时代的历史困境。它们的理论既受相应的自由主义类型的影响,本身又是构成这种意识形态的重要组成部分。古典学派和新古典学派以古典自由主义作为经济哲学基础,喊着"自由放任"的口号,赞美私有财产、自由竞争和有限政府,为资本冲破阻碍其自由发展的封建主义和重商主义而摇旗呐喊。信奉新自由主义的经济学派,举着实现"积极自由"的旗帜,力图改革自由资本主义,解决自由巿场内生的贫富悬殊和由此带来的一系列社会经济问题。新古典自由主义经济学派则力图回归"消极自由",把批判的矛头对准国家对社会经济生活日益广泛的干预,倡导最小政府,力主"重塑自由巿场"。这些学派都曾对西方社会的政策产生过巨大的影响,但这种影响有其自身的限度,既因为经济理论与政治实践存在天然的差距,也因为理论自身存在内在缺陷。

The main purpose of this paper is to refine the consensus of liberalism.Through analyzing and comparing the three specific historical forms of liberalism,this paper aims to identify the differences in ideological types of all mainstream economic schools in the history,and show the forms displayed by these ideological types in economics,including corresponding policy preferences,theoretical structures and their special hypotheses.These schools born out of the historical dilemmas of their respective eras,and are all defenders of the capitalist market economy system.Their theories are not only influenced by the corresponding types of liberalism,but also constitute an important part of this ideology.The classical school and neo-classical school are based on classical liberalism,and praise private property,free competition,limiting government power by shouting the slogan of“laissez-faire”.They applaude for capital to break through feudalism and mercantilism that hinder their free development.By contrast,the schools of economics that believe in new liberalism,carry the banner of realizing“active freedom”,and strive to reform liberal capitalism.They try to resolve the great disparity between the rich and the poor inherent in the free market and a series of social and economic problems arising therefrom.The neo-liberal schools strive to return to“negative freedom”.The target of their criticism is the increasing extensive intervention in social and economic life implemented by the government and they advocate minimal government and focus on“reshaping the free market”.All these schools have had a huge influence on the policies of western society.But the influence also has its own limits,not only because of the natural differenecs between economic theories and political practice,but also because of the inherent flaws in these theories.