南疆沙漠绿洲传统聚落对自然地理环境的适应性

The Adaptability of Traditional Settlements to Natural Environment in the Desert Oasis of Southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

选取南疆沙漠绿洲传统聚落为研究对象,借鉴景观基因理论,探讨传统聚落对自然地理环境的适应。在结合相关考古资料、地方史志文献、全国基础地理信息数据以及实际调查资料的基础上,从宏观和微观的角度切入,采取结构和元素提取法,从环境因子、基本形态、布局结构、主体建筑、民居特征等五个方面提取南疆传统聚落的景观基因。在此基础上,分析聚落对自然环境的适应性。结果表明其对外界环境的适应主要体现在水系、地形地貌、气候环境等三个方面。(1)聚落的分布依赖于绿洲内部的水资源,其与不同规模的水系相伴生,以依水延伸、依坎儿井就势的布局方式揭示其水系适应机理。(2)平地的聚落布局呈不同的形态特征即星散型、串珠型、组团型、网格型等,而山地地带多呈散点式布局。由于南疆盆地中符合人居条件的平地面积有限,平地的聚落呈现紧密型布局,山地的聚落呈现"依山就势"的布局,这充分展现出其对荒漠环境的恰当回应,在聚落组织上表达建筑群体的适应属性。(3)聚落在居住单元、公共街巷及其排列所形成的基本形态中较好地体现对气候的适应性,尤其是其对强日照、极干热、沙尘暴等气候环境的适应较明显。建筑空间、建筑界面皆对气候环境有一定的反映,此特征在"遮阳""隔热""通风""挡风"等气候应对手段中尤为明显。南疆传统聚落的基本形制、布局形态、民居特征、主体建筑在时空演变中既传承中原聚落的景观基因又适当地借鉴、吸收中西亚住居的景观特征,但自然因素的影响导致其景观变异。

This paper chooses the traditional settlements in Southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as the research area,and discusses their adaptation to the natural geographical environment by drawing on the theory of landscape gene.Based on relevant archaeological data,local historical literature,national basic geographic information data and field investigation,the paper constructs the evaluation system of landscape gene which includes environmental factor,basic form,layout structure,main building and residential characteristics by the means of the structure method and element extraction from the macro and micro perspectives.On this basis,the paper analyzes its adaptive features related to natural environment from the perspective of national gene.The results show that adaptation of traditional settlements to natural environment is mainly reflected in terms of water stream,landform,climate etc.1)The settlement distribution depends on the water resources in the desert oasis,and it is concomitant with the different size of drainage system;the adaptation mechanism of water system was revealed by water extension and Karez distribution.2)their layout in flatland shows different characteristics which are star-scatter type,bead type,group type,grid type,etc.,but it mainly shows star-scatter distribution in mountainous areas.Due to the limitation of flat area where it is affordable for living conditions,the traditional settlements in flatland are characterized by compacted layout;it follows the rule of"survival of the fittest"and reduces the level of destruction in mountainous areas,which fully demonstrates the appropriate response to the desert environment,and the adaptive attributes are expressed in terms of settlement organization.3)The adaptation to climate is better reflected by the basic form of the residential units,public streets and their arrangements,the adaptability to the climate environment presents three aspects:strong sunlight,extremely dry heat and sandstorms.Both the building space and the building interface reflect the climate environment and are conducive to"shading","heat insulation","ventilation"and"wind shield".The spatio-temporal evolution of basic form,layout structure,residence characteristic,main building presents the inheritance of the landscape gene of traditional settlements in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the absorption of residence characteristics in Central and Western Asia.The interference of natural factors,however,leads to its landscape variation.