煤电行业碳中和路径分析与研究

Analysis and research on carbon neutrality pathways in the coal-fired power industry

我国多煤少油的能源禀赋,决定了煤炭是使用最多的化石能源。大量煤炭用于燃料产生巨量的二氧化碳排放,加剧了我国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的难度。自2010年以来,我国电力行业不断优化调整,火力发电比例和火电装机容量占比都在持续下降,非化石能源发电比例逐年上升。尽管火电占比逐年减少,但其在我国电力能源结构中的主导地位仍无法改变。对中国碳核算数据库China Emission Accounts and Datasets(CEADs)的数据进行分析,2020年我国电力行业碳排放46.24亿t,占当年总碳排放量42.21%。电力行业的发展关系国计民生,是国民经济的支柱。在相当长的历史时期,煤炭在我国能源结构中都占据主导地位。在能源需求稳健上涨的背景下,煤电成为我国能源电力稳定供应的“压舱石”,在短期内很难被其它能源完全取代。目前煤电行业碳减排主要采取节能与提高能效比、燃料掺烧、碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术及二氧化碳矿化技术。结合电厂的实际碳排放情况及目前CCUS技术成熟度来看,生物质能结合碳捕集与封存技术与间接矿化技术是目前电厂可行的实现碳中和的方案。但生物质能结合碳捕集与封存技术需要对原有的锅炉进行混烧改造,目前我国在生物质发电技术仍存在很多不足,尤其体现在生物质燃料的收集、运输、加工、储存等特殊辅助机械的开发配套方面。对于煤电行业碳中和技术的发展,根据我国的实际情况,建议采用中长期的碳捕集利用技术路线,应同步开展燃烧前捕集技术、富氧燃烧技术及燃烧后捕集技术的技术创新、研发低成本、高效率技术体系并商业化应用。

China′s energy endowment of more coal and less oil determines that coal is the most used fossil energy.A large amount of coal used for fuel is bound to produce a huge amount of carbon dioxide emissions,which undoubtedly aggravates the difficulty of achieving the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China.Since 2010,China′s power industry has been continuously optimized and adjusted,the proportion of thermal power generation and the proportion of thermal power installed capacity have continued to decline,and the proportion of non-fossil energy power generation has increased year by year.Although the proportion of thermal power is decreasing year by year,its dominant position in China′s power energy structure can not be changed.Based on the analysis of data From China Emission Accounts and Datasets(CEADs),China′s electric power industry will emit 4.624 billion tons of carbon in 2020,accounting for 42.21%of the total carbon emissions in that year.The development of the power industry is related to the national economy and people′s livelihood,and is the pillar of the national economy.In a long historical period,coal occupies a dominant position in China′s energy structure.In the context of steady rise in energy demand,coal power has become the"ballast stone"of stable supply of energy power in China,and it is difficult to be completely replaced by other energy sources in the short term.At present,the carbon emission reduction in coal power industry mainly adopts energy saving and energy efficiency improvement,fuel blending,carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)technology and carbon dioxide mineralization technology.Considering the actual carbon emissions of power plants and the current maturity of CCUS technology,biomass energy combined with carbon capture and storage technology and indirect mineralization technology is a feasible solution to achieve carbon neutrality in power plants at present.However,the biomass energy combined with carbon capture and storage technology requires the original boiler to be mixed-fired transformation,and there are still many shortcomings in China′s biomass power generation technology,especially in the collection,transportation,processing,storage and other special auxiliary machinery development supporting aspects.For the development of carbon neutral technology in the coal power industry,according to the actual situation in China,it is recommended to adopt the medium and long term carbon capture and utilization technology route,and carry out technological innovation of pre-combustion capture technology,oxygen-rich combustion technology and post-combustion capture technology simultaneously,develop low-cost and high-efficiency technical system and commercialize it.