近代欧洲问题剧的现代性——以易卜生为中心的考察

The Modernity of Early Modern European Problem Plays——A Survey Centered on Ibsen

近代欧洲问题剧倡导个性解放,呼吁社会改革,加之坚执的自由意识和大胆的怀疑精神,使剧作家从"司空见惯"中发现变异。作为"应该否定的时代的一种伟大的否定之声",近代欧洲问题剧可谓"鹤立鸡群",凸显了毋庸置疑的现代性:以"人的精神的反叛"、以剧作蕴涵的批判性反思启发公众,质疑资本社会;告别浮华和"理性",遵从客观现实"第一"原则,把"逼真再现"作为最重要的艺术风格;坚持舞台革命,其采用的回溯式结构技巧紧凑而有力,通过深刻的对话和"潜对话"表现时代的"英雄",揭露自私、虚伪的"模范人物",描摹鲜明的戏剧性格。首创"讨论的技巧",以之构建激烈的戏剧冲突,完成其批判性反思之审美现代性表达。显然,以易卜生为旗手的近代欧洲问题剧,作为启蒙观念的艺术负载者、启蒙精神的演绎者,以自由和批判性展示了现代性的力量,其高度的思想性、艺术性、开拓性,给后人以多方面启迪。

Early modern European problem plays advocate individual liberation and call for social reforms;moreover,coupled with a persistent sense of freedom and a spirit of boldly questioning,they found variation in"the commonplace".As"a great voice of negation in an era that should be negated",early modern European problem plays can be described as"outstanding",highlighting the undoubted modernity,which is shown in inspiring the public and questioning the capitalist society with"human spiritual rebellion"and critical reflection contained in the plays;in bidding farewell to vanity and"rationality",following the principle of objective reality"first",and taking"realistic reproduction"as the most important artistic style;in adhering to the stage revolution,adopting a compact and powerful retrospective structural technique,depicting the"heroes"of the times through profound dialogues and"sub-dialogues",revealing selfish and hypocritical"role models",portraying vivid personalities,creating"discussion skills"to construct intense dramatic conflicts and achieve the expression of critical reflection in aesthetic modernity.Obviously,early modern European problem plays with Ibsen as the standard bearer,as the artistic carrier of the viewpoints from the Enlightenment and the performer of the spirit of the Enlightenment,demonstrate the power of modernity with freedom and criticism and provide extensive criticism and redemption of reality.Their ideological,artistic,and pioneering qualities give inspiration to future generations in many ways.