在建造与非建造之间——面向物种共存、物质循环和传统生态知识的跨学科设计方法

Between Building and Unbuilding:An Interdisciplinary Design Approach to Cohabitation,Material Cycles,and Traditional Ecological Knowledge

近代人居环境建设通常强调静态的建成效果和即时效用,因此相似的设计流程不可避免地加速了建成环境的同质化进程。由于资本主义的控制倾向和对效率的追逐,这些设计过程会优先考虑某些特定的文化,而忽略当地特有的知识或生活方式。为了应对不断加剧的、包括全球气候挑战和环境不平等在内的诸多压力,设计领域提出将设计从静态模式向响应模式转变,使之融入自然的转变之中。“飞来农场”位于美国内华达州半干旱的干盐湖地区,地处偏远,但工业活动纵横交错;气候条件较为极端,但自然界生命力旺盛,当地文化传统而丰富。在很长一段历史里,飞来农场所在的布莱克罗克沙漠区域一直由原住民管理,直至1843年欧洲殖民者的到来开启了暴力冲突和土地侵占的历史。此后不断升级的农业和巨型重工业活动从根本上改变了该地区的生态。针对这些矛盾,将在飞来农场建造的项目“寄宿者”(Lodgers)中提出以“非建造”的途径来代替以人为中心的建筑和景观设计,通过寻求跨学科的设计方式解决该地区的土地侵占和环境退化问题。寄宿者项目提出了三种挑战当代建筑实践的关键方法:首先,优先考虑包括人类在内的所有动植物物种的福祉,并创造物种共存空间;其次,利用当地或周边的建筑资源,尽量减少浪费,保持生态平衡,重塑物质循环周期。最后,将传统生态知识与当代建筑实践相结合,通过采用低技建造方式来鼓励社区参与。随着试点项目进入建设阶段,作者批判性地反思了当代建筑实践和设计过程,并探讨了“非建造”途径在应对气候挑战时的重要意义。

In recent history,built environment practices have accepted a paradigm which underlines the land’s static quality,prioritizes immediate utility,and consequently adopts design processes that inevitably accelerate assimilation.With the capitalist propensity to obtain control and enhance efficiency,those processes nevertheless privilege certain cultures while rejecting other forms of knowledge or living specific to the land.The design discourse,confronted with the rising pressure of global climate challenges and environmental inequity,suggests a shift of design pattern from static to responsive as a means to an end that is part of nature’s transformation.Located amid the semi-arid playa of Nevada in the USA,Fly Ranch sits on land remote yet crisscrossed by industrial activity,with extreme climatic conditions yet teeming with life and traditions.Working with these contradictions,“Lodgers,”the project to be constructed in Fly Ranch,is grounded in three key approaches to challenging contemporary architectural practice.Firstly,prioritize the wellbeing of all plants and animals species,including humans,by creating cohabitation spaces.Secondly,utilize local or nearby building resources to minimize waste,maintain ecological balance,and rebuild the material cycle.Finally,integrate Traditional Ecological Knowledge with modern building practices and employ low-tech construction techniques to encourage community participation.As a pilot project goes into construction,the authors offer critical reflection on contemporary architecture practice,the design process,and the meaning of“unbuilding”as a response to climate challenge.